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A and P I > 15.2-15.4 Eye/Ear Physiology > Flashcards

15.2-15.4 Eye/Ear Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Packets of energy (photons) that travel in wavelike fashion at high speeds
Visible light can be broken up into bands of colors
Color that the eye perceives is a reflection of a particular wavelength

A

Light

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2
Q

How does light travel?

A

Straight lines
Blocked by transparent objects

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3
Q

Seeing black; seeing white

A

Lack of reflection (absorbs all color); all reflection (no absorbtion)

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4
Q

Bending of light rays; Due to speed of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another and path of light is at an oblique angle

A

Refraction

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5
Q

Good at refracting light because they are curved on one or both sides
Disc part of eye

A

Lens

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6
Q

Thicker in center than edges
Bend light passing through it, so that rays converge at a single point (focal point)
More convex the lens, more light that bends, shorter focal distance

A

Convex

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7
Q

Thicker at edges than in center
Disperse light

A

Concave lens

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8
Q

Image is _____ and ______ but brain corrects it in light refraction

A

Upside-down; backwards

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9
Q

Cornea –> Aqueous humor–> Lens–> Vitreous humor–> Neural layer (retina)–> Photoreceptors

A

Pathway of light

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10
Q

Light is refracted ____ times

A

3
Entering cornea, Entering lens, Leaving lens

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11
Q

Part of eye where majority of refractory power is
Constant, cannot change focus

A

Cornea

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12
Q

Eyes are best adapted for this type of vision
Ciliary muscles completely relaxed
Lens flattened from pulling on ciliary zonules

A

Distant vision

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13
Q

State of vision where a faraway object at infinity is in sharp focus with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state
Normal eye

A

Emmetropia (normal)

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14
Q

Changing of lens shape to increase refraction (focusing)
Ciliary muscle contracts, zonules loosen, lens bulges

A

Accommodation of the lens

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15
Q

Constriction of pupils to prevent most divergent light rays from entering eye
Sphincter pupillae accomplish this

A

Constriction of pupil

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16
Q

Medial rotation of eyeballs causes convergence of eyes toward object being viewed

A

Convergence of eyballs

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17
Q

Normal eye

A

Emmotropic eye

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18
Q

Eyeball is too long, so focal point is in front of retina
Corrected with concave lens

A

Myopia (nearsighted)

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19
Q

Eyeball is too short, so focal point is behind retina
Corrected with a convex lens to converge light stronger

A

Hyperopia (farsighted)

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20
Q

Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea
Causes smeared look in lights especially at night
Corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures

A

Astigmatism

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21
Q

Loss of accommodation over 50

A

Presbyopia

22
Q

Modified neurons involved in vision (type of receptor)
Includes rods and cones

A

Photoreceptors

23
Q

Light recieving region of photoreceptors
Plasma memebrane of outer segment folds back to form many discs
Dics contain visual pigments that change shape when absorbing light

A

Outer segment

24
Q

Site of metabolism and maintenance of membrane potential in photoreceptor

A

Inner segment

25
Q

Consist of retinal combined with proteins called opsins

A

Visual pigments

26
Q

Key light absorbing molecule
Synthesized from vitamin A
Absorbs different visual wavelengths depending on which opsin it is bound to

A

Retinal

27
Q

4 opsins only in rods

A

Rhodopsins

28
Q

3 opsins found in cones
Names are based on colors they absorb best

A

Green, blue, red

29
Q

Require bright light for activation
React more quickly than rods
Less sensitive than rods
Non Converging pathways occur here

A

Cones

30
Q

We see dimly lit objects best we do not look at them directly and they are _________

A

Moving

31
Q

Lack of one or more cone pigments
Inherited as an X-linked condition, more common in males
Common type = red-green

A

Color blindness

32
Q

Process by which light energy is converted into a graded receptor potential (5 part relay race)
Begin when a visual pigment captures a photon of light
Retinol is bent from dark, but straightens out when light is present

A

Phototransduction

33
Q

When moving from darkness into bright light we see a glare
Both rods and cones are on, pupils contrict
Improves over 5-10 minutes

A

Light adaptation

34
Q

When moving from bright light into dim light, we see blackness
Cones stop functioning
Rods are off
Pupils dilate
Increases sensitivity over 20-30 minutes

A

Dark adaptation

35
Q

Condition in which rod function is seriously hampered
Driving at night is impaired

A

Nyctalopia

36
Q

Pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by molecules of the medium

A

Sound

37
Q

Created when an object moves; Creates areas of high pressure and low pressure (compressions and rarefactions)

A

Sound waves

38
Q

An area of low pressure due to presence of fewer air molecules

A

Rarefaction

39
Q

Number of waves that pass given point in a given time
Perceived as a pitch
Most sounds are mixtures of different frequencies
(High pitched vs. low pitched)

A

Frequency

40
Q

Height of wave crests
(Loud vs. soft)

A

Amplitude

41
Q

Reception of an air sound wave that is converted to a fluid wave that ultimately stimulates mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells that send impulses to the brain for interpretation

A

Hearing

42
Q

Higher the intensity, the _____ vibration

A

Higher

43
Q

Typanic membrane is _______ times larger than oval window, so vibration transferred to oval window is 20x amplified

A

20

44
Q

Sound waves end here and bulges outward into middle ear cavity

A

Round window

45
Q

Blocked sound conduction to fluids of internal ear
Causes include impacted wax, perforated eardrum, otitis media, otosclerosis of the ossicles (fusing)

A

Conduction deafness

46
Q

Damage to neutral structures
Typically from hair cell loss: Gradual loss of cells throughout life
Single explosive loud noise, or prolonged exposure to high intensity sounds

A

Sensorineural deafness

47
Q

Helps to collect sound and direct it into auditory canal

A

Ear trumpet

48
Q

Amplifies sound, has a microphone, amplifier, and speaker

A

Hearing aid

49
Q

Convert sound energy into electrical signals
Are effective for congenital or age/noise cochlear damage

A

Cochlear implants

50
Q

Ringing, buzzing, or clicking sound in ears in absence of auditory stimuli
Due to cochlear nerve degeneration, inflammation of middle or internal ears, side affects of aspirin

A

Tinnitus

51
Q

Labyrinth disorder that affects cochlea and semicircular canals
Causes vertigo, nausea, and vomiting
Treatment: Anti-motion sickness drugs in mild cases or surgical removal of labyrinth in severe cases

A

Meinier’s Syndrome

A and P I (18 decks)

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