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A and P I > Chapter 12 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Part 2 Flashcards

Brain Regions

1
Q

Show specific motor and sensory functions that are located in discrete cortical areas

A

PET adn MRI scans

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2
Q

Discrete cortical areas that show specific motor and sensory functions

A

Domains

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3
Q
  1. Motor areas
  2. Sensory areas
  3. Association areas
A

3 Functional Regions of Cerebral Cortex

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4
Q

Control voluntary movement

A

Motor areas

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5
Q

Conscious awareness of sensation

A

Sensory areas

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6
Q

Integrate diverse information

A

Association areas

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7
Q

Two hemispheres are not entirely equal in ________

A

Function

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8
Q

Conscious behavior involves ______ in one way or another

A

Entire cortex

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9
Q

Each hemisphere is concerned with sensory and motor function of the _________ side of the body

A

Contralateral (opposite)

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10
Q

Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe; Contains large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements
All muscles can be mapped to area
Damage = paralyzes muscles controlled by those areas

A

Primary (somatic) motor cortex

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11
Q

Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Receives general sensory information from skin and receptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons
Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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12
Q

Receive inputs from multiple sensory spots and send outputs to multiple areas; Allows us to give meaning to information that we receive, store in memory, tie to previous experience, etc.
(Makes us who we are)
Divided into: anterior, posterior, and limbic areas
Damage to anterior = mental and personality disorders, including loss of judgement, attentiveness, inhibitions

A

Associtation areas

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13
Q

Concerned with conscious awareness of sensation
Occur in parietal, insular, occipital, and temporal lobes

A

Sensory areas

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14
Q

Division of labor between hemispheres (not identical)

A

Lateralization

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15
Q

Refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language
90% of humans have left dominance
Usually results in right-handedness

A

Cerebral dominance

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16
Q

Controls language, math, and logic

A

Left hemisphere

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17
Q

Visual-spacial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

A

Right hemisphere

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18
Q

Hemispheres communicate _________

A

Instantaneously

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19
Q

Region of brain involved with speech production
Ex. Understanding words but cannot speak

A

Broca’s area

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20
Q

Region of brain involved with understanding spoken and written
Ex. Can speak, but words are nonsensical

A

Wernicke’s area

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21
Q

Responsible for communication between cerebral areas, and between cortex and lower CNS
Consists of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts

A

Cerebral white matter

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22
Q

Horizontal running fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

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23
Q

Horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres

A

Commissural fibers

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24
Q

Vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

A

Projection fibers

25
Q

Temporary alteration in brain function

A

Concussion

26
Q

Permanent brain damage

A

Contusion

27
Q

Pressure from blood may force brain stem through foramen, resulting in death

A

Subdural hemorrhage

28
Q

Swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury

A

Cerebral edema

29
Q

Most common nervous system disorder and leading cause of death in NA
A.k.a Stroke
Occurs because of ischemia
Most common cause is blood clot blocking cerebral artery

A

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)

30
Q

Reduction in blood supply that impairs delivery of oxygen and nutrients

A

Ischemia

31
Q

Paralysis on one side
Result of stroke

A

Hemiplegia

32
Q

Progressive degenerative disease of brain resulting in dementia; Memory loss, short attention span, disorientation
Proteins appear to be misfolded and malfunction
Brain cells die –> Brain shrinks

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

33
Q

Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive, resulting in tumors at rest
Cause is unknown, but theories include mitochondrial abnormalities or protein degradation pathways

A

Parkinson’s disease

34
Q

Fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of protein huntingtin in brain cells
Leads to degeneration of basal nuclei
Initial symptoms include wild, jerky, flapping movements
Fatal within 15 years

A

Huntington’s disease

35
Q

Torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons, prevents any other messages from getting through
Can be caused by flashing lights

A

Epileptic seizure

36
Q

Mild seizures of young children; expression goes blank for few seconds
Formerly: petit mal
Expression is “absent”

A

Absence seizures

37
Q

Most severe; last few minutes
Victim loses consciousness, bones can be broken during intense convulsions

A

Tonic-clonic seizures

38
Q

Identification of tumors, lesions, plaque, or areas of infarct

A

CT, MRI, PET scans

39
Q

X rays used to pinpoint any stroke causing clots

A

Cerebral angiography

40
Q

Evaluate blood flow through arteries feeding the brain
Used during pregnancy

A

Ultrasound

41
Q

Hammer tapping agianst quad tendon
Abnormal responses may indicate intracranial hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, or hydrocephalus

A

Knee jerk test

42
Q

Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers that allow communication between different parts of the spinal cord and between the cord and brain

A

White matter

43
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers in spinal cord

A

Tracts

44
Q

Runs up to higher centers (sensory inputs)

A

Ascending tract

45
Q

Runs from brain to cord or lower cord levels (motor outputs)

A

Descending tracts

46
Q

Runs from one side to the other (commissural fibers)

A

Transverse tracts

47
Q

_____ and _____ make up most of white matter

A

Ascending and descending tracts

48
Q

Localized injury to spinal cord or its roots leads to functional losses
-Damage to dorsal roots or sensory tracts leads to sensory function loss or abnormal sensations (paresthesias)

A

Spinal cord injury

49
Q

Caused by damage to ventral roots or ventral horn cells
Leads to motor function loss

A

Paralysis

50
Q

Severe damage to ventral root or ventral horn cells
Impulses do not reach muscles, so they appear loose and “flaccid”

A

Flaccid paralysis

51
Q

Damage to upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex
Spinal neurons remain intact; muscles are stimulated irregularly by reflex activity
Muscles remain healthy longer, but no voluntary control of muscles

A

Spastic paralysis

52
Q

Transection between T1 and L1
Both lower limbs will be affected

A

Paraplegia

53
Q

Transection in cervical region
All four limbs will be affected

A

Quadriplegia

54
Q

Transient (temporary) period of functional loss in spinal cord

A

Spinal shock

55
Q

Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus
Muscles atrophy
Death may occur from paralysis of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrest
Survivors = post polio syndrome = lethargy, muscle weakness

A

Poliomyelitis

56
Q

Lou Gehrig’s disease
Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract
Symptoms: loss of ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
Death within 5 years
Caused by environmental factors and genetic mutations

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

57
Q

Cerebrum and parts of brain stem never develop

A

Anencephaly

58
Q

Incomplete formation of vertebral arches
Most cases caused by lack of folic acid
Least severe = Spina bifida occulta
Most severe = Myelomeningocele

A

Spina bifida

A and P I (18 decks)

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