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A and P I > Chapter 11 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

______ should be used to separate the positive and negative charges

A

Energy

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2
Q

A measure of potential energy generated by separated charge; Measured between two points in V or mV
A.k.a - Potential difference

A

Voltage

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3
Q

Greater the difference between two points______
Greater the voltage (potential difference) ________

A

Higher voltage, greater current

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4
Q

Charge difference in plasma membrane
Negative reading = more negative inside than outside

A

Membrane potential

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5
Q

Flow of electrical charge (ions) between two points
Can be used to do work
Flow is dependent on voltage and resistance

A

Current

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6
Q

Hindrance to charge flow
Insulator: substance with high electrical resistance
Conductor: substance with low electrical resistance

A

Conductor

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7
Q

Nongated channels; Always open

A

Leakage channels

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8
Q

Part of protein changes shape to open/close the channel
When opened, ions diffuse quickly towards opposite charge
3 types: Chemically, voltage, mechanically

A

Gated channels

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9
Q

Open only with binding of specific chemical

A

Chemically gated channel

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10
Q

Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

A

Voltage gated channel

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11
Q

Open or close in response to physical deformation of receptors, as in sensory receptors

A

Mechanically gated channel

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12
Q

Combination of electrical and chemical gradients; Determines which way ions flow

A

Electrochemical gradient

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13
Q

Voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell
Approx. -70mV
Membrane = polarized ( inside - )

A

Resting membrane potential

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14
Q
  1. Differences in ion composition of intra/extracellular fluids
  2. Differences in plasma membrane permeability to ions
A

Generating Membrane Potential

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15
Q

When concentrations of ions across membrane change
Used as signals to receive, integrate, and send infomation
2 types: hyperpolarization, depolarization

A

Changing membrane potential

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16
Q

Increase in membrane potential; Further from zero
Inside of membrane becomes more negative than resting potential
Probability of nerve impulse decreases

A

Hyperpolarization

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17
Q

Decrease in membrane potential; Moves towards zero
Inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting membrane potential
Probability of producing nerve impulse increases

A

Depolarization

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18
Q

Incoming signals operating over short distances; Results in depolarization
Short-lived; stronger the stimulus, the more the voltage changes and further the current goes
Occur at cell body and dendrites

A

Graded potentials

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19
Q

Long-distance signals of axons

A

Action potentials

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20
Q

Type of graded potential; Stimulus is a form of energy (heat, light, etc.)

A

Receptor potential

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21
Q

Type of graded potential; Stimulus is a neurotransmitter from another neuron
Excitatory (EPSP) - Brings the neuron closer to AP threshold
Inhibitory (IPSP) - IPSPs drive the neuron away from AP threshold

A

Postsynaptic potential

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22
Q

Transient (short) depolarization event along the cell membrane; Voltage changes from -70mV to +30mV
Principal way neurons send signals
Do not decay over distance

A

Action potential

23
Q

Action pontential sheet for other facts

A
24
Q

First part in action potential
All Na+ and K+ channels are closed; only leakage channels are open
Voltage gates are closed
-70mV

A

Resting state

25
Q

Voltage sensitive gate in Na+ channel
Closed at rest, opens with depolarization, allowing Na+ to re enter cell
“Activates” action potential

A

Activation gates

26
Q

Voltage sensitive gate in Na+ channel
Block channel once it is open to prevent more Na+ from entering cell

A

Inactivation gates

27
Q

How many voltage sensitive gates does K+ have?
- Closed at rest
- Opens slowly with depolarization

A

One

28
Q

Second step in action potential; Na+ channels open; Local currents depolarize the axon membrane
Na+ rushes into cell, and intracellular fluid becomes (+)
(-55mV to +30mV)

A

Depolarization

29
Q

For axon to “fire” depolarization must reach -55mV to trigger action potential
Na+ permeability increases
Na+ influx exceeds K+ influx
Positive feedback cycle begins

A

Threshold voltage

30
Q

Action potential either happens completely, or does not happen at all
If number of Na+ ions that enter the cell is too low to achieve threshold, no action potential will occur

A

All or none response

31
Q

Third part in action potential; Na+ channels are inactivating, K+ channels open
AP spike starts to decline
Na+ permeability declines
Resting potential restored

A

Repolarization

32
Q

Fourth part in action potential; Some K+ channels remain open, Na+ channels reset
Inside of membrane becomes more (-) than resting state
-80mV

A

Hyperpolarization

33
Q

Transmission of action potential from it origin down entire length of the axon toward axon terminals
Depolarization in one area causes depolarization in the next

A

Propogation

34
Q

Once initiated, APs are _______

A

Self propogating

35
Q

AP only occurs in the ______ direction

A

Forward

36
Q

Time in which neuron cannot trigger another action potential
Voltage gated Na+ channels are open, so neuron cannot respond to another stimulus
Two types:
1. Absolute refractory period
2. Relative refractory period

A

Refractory period

37
Q

Time from opening of Na+ channels until resetting of the channels

A

Absolute refractory period

38
Q

Most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state
Some K+ still open
Repolarization occuring

A

Relative refractory period

39
Q
  1. Axon diameter: larger = faster
  2. Degree of myelination: Continuous conduction/Saltatory conduction
A

Factors of AP rate propagation

40
Q

Slow conduction that occurs in unmyelinated axons

A

Continuous conduction

41
Q

Occurs only in myelinated axons and is 30x faster
Myelin sheaths insulate and prevent leakage of charge
Channels located at sheath gaps; AP only generated here
Electrical signal jumps from gap to gap

A

Saltatory conduction

42
Q

Autoimmune disease that affects primarily young adults
Myelin sheaths are destroyed when immune system attacks myelin
Symptoms: Visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, speech disturbance
Treatment: drugs to modify immune system activity

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

43
Q

Junctions that mediate information transfer; Neuron to neuron
Two types:
1. Electrical - less common, neurons electrically coupled
2. Chemical - Specialized release of chemical neurotransmitter

A

Synapse

44
Q

Neuron conducting impulses toward synapse (sending info)

A

Presynaptic neuron

45
Q

Neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse (receives info)

A

Postsynaptic neuron

46
Q

Synaptic connection between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of others

A

Axodendritic

47
Q

Synaptic connection between two axon terminals of one neuron and soma (cell body) of others

A

Axosomatic

48
Q

Fluid-filled cavity that prevents nerve impulse from directly passing from one neuron to the next

A

Synaptic cleft

49
Q

“Language of the nervous system”
Classified by either chemical structure or function
Chemical passed through synptic cleft

A

Neurotransmitters

50
Q

Excitatory vs. inhibitory
Inhibitory - Hyperpolarization
Excitatory - Depolarization

A

Effect neurotransmitter

51
Q

Direct vs. indirect
Direct - Neurotransmitter binds directly to and opens ion channels
Indirect - Neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers

A

Action neurotransmitter

52
Q

Secreted in PNS; All neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle
Effects prolonged when AChE blocked by nerve gas, leading to muscle spasms

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

Plays a role in sleep, appetite, nausea, migraine headaches, and regulating mood (happiness)
Anti-depression/anxiety medications block function
Activity blocked by LSD and enhanced by ecstasy

A

Serotonin

A and P I (18 decks)

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