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A and P I > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

Cells

1
Q

What are the smallest unit of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

4 parts of a cell:

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytosol

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3
Q

-Double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
-Separates outside of cell from inside of cell
-Controls what is passed through cell
-Active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular material

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

Substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

A

Extracellular matrix

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5
Q

Cellular secretions

A

Extracellular fluids

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6
Q

What are plasma membrane functions?

A

-Mechanical barrier
-Selective permeability
-Electrochemical gradient
-Communication/Cell recognition
-Cell signaling

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7
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Integral membrane proteins
Peripheral membrane proteins
Glycocalyx

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8
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol

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9
Q

-Firmly inserted into membrane
-Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
-Functions: transport proteins, receptors, enzymes

A

Integral membrane proteins

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10
Q

-Loosely attached to integral proteins
-Include filaments on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

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11
Q

Glycocalyx

A

-Consist of carbohydrates sticking out of cell surface
-Glycolipids and glycoproteins

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12
Q

What are three ways that cells are bound together?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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13
Q

Tight junctions

A

Impermeable junctions that form continuous seals around the cells and prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space

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14
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells together and act like molecular “velcro”

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15
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass
Particularily important for communication in heart cells and embryonic cells

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-All cellular material is located between plasma membrane and nucleus
-Cytosol, Inclusions, Organelles

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

Gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc.

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis, powerhouse of cell

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19
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the cistems
Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to Golgi apparatus and other sites
External face synthesizes phospholipids

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes
Site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, calcium storage

A

Smooth ER

22
Q

A stack of flattened membranes and is associated with vesicles close to the nucleus
Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from cell

A

Golgi apparatus

23
Q

Membranous sacs containing catalase and oxidase enzymes
Detoxify substances

A

Peroxisomes

24
Q

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

25
Q

Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases
Sites of intracellular digestion and recycling

A

Lysosomes

26
Q

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins
Support the cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements
Form centrioles, cilia, flagella, if present

A

Microtubules

27
Q

Protein fibers; composition varies
Stable cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

28
Q

Fine filaments composed of protein actin
Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement
Helps form the cell’s cytoskelton

A

Microfilaments

29
Q

Varied; includes stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules
Storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell products

A

Inclusions

30
Q

What are three cellular extensions?

A

Cilia
Microvilli
Flagellum

31
Q

Short cell surface projections, each cilium contains of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair
Coordinated movement creates a unidirectional current that propels substances

A

Cilia

32
Q

Like cilium, but longer; only example in humans is sperm tail
Propels the cell

A

Flagellum

33
Q

Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane; contain a bundle of actin filaments
Increase surface area of absorption

A

Microvilli

34
Q

Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin

A

Parts of the nucleus are…

35
Q

Houses DNA
Contains the genetic library of blueprints for synthesis of nearly all cellular proteins

A

Nucleus

36
Q

Folds inside of of mitochondria

A

Cristae

37
Q

Double membrane barrier, outer layer is continuous with rough ER, inner layer is a network mesh of proteins that maintains nuclear shape

A

Nuclear envelope

38
Q

Allow substances to pass into and out of nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

39
Q

Site of ribosomal subunit manufacture

A

Nucleolus

40
Q

Consists of histone proteins, DNA, and RNA
Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes

A

Chromatin

41
Q

Consist of DNA wrapped around a histone

A

Nucleosomes

42
Q

Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules
Organize microtubule network
Form spindle and asters
Form bases of cilia and flagellum

A

Centrioles

43
Q

Contain genes, condensed chromatin

A

Chromosomes

44
Q

Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it reproduces
Major periods - interphase, mitotic phase

A

Cell Cycle

45
Q

Cell carries out its routine activities and prepares for cell division
Nuclear material is in uncondensed chromatin state

A

Interphase

46
Q

G1- vigorous growth
S - DNA replication
G2 - division preparation

A

What are the three phases of interphase?

47
Q

Division of the cell occurs, consists of two distinct events
1) Mitosis
2) Cytokinesis

A

M (Mitotic) phase

48
Q

Division of the nucleus, in which duplicated DNA is distributed to new daughter cells

A

Mitosis

49
Q

Begins in late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase
Ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form a cleavage furrow
Two daughter cells are pinche apart

A

Cytokinesis

50
Q
A

A and P I (12 decks)

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