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A and P I > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissues

1
Q

Made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water
Contains no blood vessels or nerves

A

Skeletal cartilage

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2
Q

Layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle
Helps cartilage resist outward expansion
Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

A

Perichondrium

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3
Q

Chondrocytes, encased in lacunae, within extracellular matrix

A

Cartilage makeup:

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4
Q

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
Ex. Most abundant cartilage
Joints, ribs, larynx, nasal cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers
Ex. External ear and epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage

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6
Q

Type of cartilage
Thick collagen fibers, has great tensile strength
Ex. Menisci of knee, intervertebral discs, where bones of pelvis come together

A

Fibrocartilage

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7
Q

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral growth factor storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride (fat) storage
Hormone production

A

Function of bone

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8
Q

Formation of blood cells in red marrow cavities

A

Hematopoiesis

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9
Q

Secreted by bones to help regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

A

Osteocalcin

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10
Q

How many bones are in human body?

A

206

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11
Q

Long axis of body
Includes skull, vertebral column, rib cage

A

Axial skeleton

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12
Q

Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Areas involved in joint formation or conduits for blood vessels and nerves

A

Bone markings

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13
Q

Outward bulge of bone

A

Projection

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14
Q

Bowl-like or groove-like cut out that can serve as passageways for vessels and nerves, or plays roles in joints

A

Depression

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15
Q

Hole or canal bone that serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves

A

Opening

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16
Q

Organs that contain different types of tissues

A

Bone

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17
Q

Dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
A.k.a lamellar bone
Consists of:
1. Osteon
2. Canals and canaliculi
3. Interstitial and circumferential lamellae

A

Compact bone

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18
Q

Made up of honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
No osteons present
Trabeculae confer strength
Organized along lines of stress to resist stress

A

Spongy bone

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19
Q

Open spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone; Has RBCs

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

Cartilage that covers area of bone that is part of a moveable joint

A

Hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone in short, irregular, and flat bones
(Looks like oreo)

A

Diploe

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22
Q

Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Articular cartilage covers joint surfaces

A

Epiphyses

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24
Q

Between diaphysis and epiphysis
Remnant of epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs

A

Epiphyseal line

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25
Q

Longer than they are wide

A

Long bones

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26
Q

Type of bone that are cube-shaped

A

Short bones

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27
Q

Type of bone that is thin, flat, slightly curved

A

Flat bones

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28
Q

Type of bone; Complicated shapes

A

Irregular bones

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29
Q

Special type of short bone that forms within a tendon
Common around the knee

A

Sesamoid bones

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30
Q

White, double-layered membrane that covers external surface of bone except joints
2 layers - fibrous, osteogenic

A

Periosteum

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31
Q

Outer periosteum layer
Dense irregular tissue
Consists of sharpey’s fibers - collagen fibers that secure periosteum to bone matrix

A

Fibrous layer

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32
Q

Inner periosteum layer, against the bone
Contains stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells

A

Osteogenic layer

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33
Q

Openings where nerve fibers and blood enter the periosteum
(nutrients)

A

Nutrient foramen

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34
Q

Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines canals that pass through compact bone
Contains stem cells
Deep to periosteum

A

Endosteum

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35
Q

Hematopoietic tissue, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A

Red bone marrow

36
Q

Produces fat, cartilage, and bone

A

Yellow marrow

37
Q

Formation and development of RBCs

A

Hematopoiesis

38
Q

Five major bone cell types:

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoclasts
  4. Osteocytes
  5. Bone-lining cells
39
Q

Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
When stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
Some remain as stem cells

A

Osteogenic cells

40
Q

Actively mitotic
Bone forming cells that secrete osteoid
“Blasting out” osteoid

A

Osteoblasts

41
Q

Bone resorbing cell (breakdown); giant multinucleate cells
Have ruffled borders that increase surface area - release enzymes to degrade bone

A

Osteoclasts

42
Q

Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
Respond to chemical stimuli such as increased force on bone or weightlessness

A

Osteocytes

43
Q

Flat cells lining bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix

A

Bone lining cells

44
Q

Structural unit of compact bone
Consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone
Several lamellae rings inside that composes it

A

Osteon

45
Q

Rings of bone matrix in osteon cylinder
Contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings
Withstands stress and resists twisting
1. Interstitial - between osteons
2. Circumferential - outer bone

A

Lamellae

46
Q

Runs through core of osteon
Lined with endosteum
Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

Central canal

47
Q

Small cavities that contain osteocytes
Occur at junctions of lamellae

A

Lacunae

48
Q

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal
Allow communication between all osteocytes and osteon and permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one cell to another
“Small and cute”

A

Canaliculi

49
Q

Lie at right angles to long axis of bone
Connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavity to central canals

A

Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)

50
Q

Lamellae that are not part of osteon
Fills gaps between forming osteons

A

Interstitial lamellae

51
Q

Type of lamellae; Extend around entire surface of diaphysis
Help long bone to resist twisting

A

Circumferential lamellae

52
Q

Organic bone component
Unmineralized bone matrix; secreted by osteoblasts; made of up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins; contributes to to high tensile strength and flexibility of bone; 1/3 of bone matrix

A

Osteoids

53
Q

Bonds between collagen molecules stretch and break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures
Resilience of bone is due to these

A

Sacrificial bonds

54
Q

Inorganic bone component
65% of bone; consist mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
(Bones will last long after death because of mineral composition)

A

Hydroxyapatites

55
Q

Process of bone tissue formation
2 types:
1. Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification

56
Q

Type of ossification
Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Bones = cartilage (endochondral) bones
Form most of skeleton
Begins at primary ossification center in shaft

A

Endochondral ossification

57
Q

When does formation of bony skeleton begin?

A

Month 2 of development

58
Q

Contains nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibers, red marrow, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts
Delivers nutrients to growing bone
Forms during endochondral ossification

A

Periosteal bud

59
Q

Type of ossification
Begins with fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells
Forms frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and clavicle bones
Bones = membrane bones

A

Intramembranous ossification

60
Q

Continued production of cartilage and growth of epiphyseal plate

A

Bone growth (length)

61
Q

Five regions of Epiphyseal plate:

A
  1. Resting zone
  2. Proliferation zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Calcification zone
  5. Ossification zone
62
Q

Chondroblasts divide less often
Epiphyseal plate thins, then is replaced by bone
Epiphyseal plate closes when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse
Females - 18
Males - 21

A

End of bone growth (length)

63
Q

Occurs throughout life
Bone thicken in response to increased stress from muscle activity or added weight
More building than breaking down

A

Growth of bone (width)

64
Q

Most important hormone in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

A

Growth hormone

65
Q

Modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

A

Thyroid hormones

66
Q

Promote adolescent growth spurts; specific to male and female
End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

A

Testosterone (male)
Estrogens (female)

67
Q

Consists of bone deposit and bone resorption when bones are being reformed

A

Bone remodeling

68
Q

Controls remodeling in response to changing blood calcium levels
Calcium involved

A

Hormonal controls (Bone remodeling)

69
Q

Bone shapes to reflect stresses they encounter
Bones are stressed when weight bears on them or muscle pulls on them

A

Response to mechanical stress (Bone remodeling)

70
Q

States that bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

A

Wolf’s Law

71
Q

Breaks in a bone
Classified by:
1. Position bone ends in (Non-displaced/displaced)
2. Completeness of break (Complete/incomplete)
3. Whether skin is penetrated (Open/closed)

A

Fracture

72
Q

Bone fragments into three or more “minute” pieces

A

Comminuted fracture

73
Q

Bone is crushed from pressure

A

Compression fracture

74
Q

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Common sports fracture

A

Spiral fracture

75
Q

Bone breaks and epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphyseal fracture

76
Q

Bone breaks incompletely, much in a way a green stick breaks; one side of shaft breaks
Common in children

A

Greenstick fracture

77
Q

Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Common skull fracture

A

Depressed fracture

78
Q

Physician’s hands manipulates bones ends to correct position

A

Closed (external) reduction

79
Q

Surgical pins or wires secure bones ends together

A

Open (internal) reduction

80
Q

Mass of clotted blood
Forms when broken parts of bone are healing back together

A

Hematoma

81
Q

Imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption
Ex. Osteomalacia/Rickets, osteoporosis, Paget’s Disease

A

Bone disorders

82
Q

Bones are poorly mineralized
Results in softer, weaker bones (malacia=soft)
Pain upon weight bearing
In children:
- Bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long
- Caused by vitamin D deficiency

A

Osteomalacia (Ricket’s)

83
Q

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to be made fast and poorly; High ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
Occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

A

Paget’s Disease

84
Q

Group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit
Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
Vertebral and hip fractures common

A

Osteoporosis

85
Q

Most often in aged women, postmenopausal women
Insufficient exercise
Diet poor in calcium and protein
Smoking

A

Risk factors for Osteoporosis

A and P I (18 decks)

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