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Microbiology > Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does sepsis refer to?

A

refers to bacterial contamination

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2
Q

what does asepsis refer to?

A

the absence of significant contamination

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3
Q

what does it mean when there is a sterilization technique being used?

A

removes and destroys ALL microbial life

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4
Q

what does it mean when there is a commercial sterilization technique being used?

A

specifically aimed at killing Clostridium Botulinum endospores in canned goods which can cause botulism

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5
Q

what does it mean when there is a disinfection technique being used?

A

destroys HARMFUL microbes

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6
Q

what does it mean when there is an antiseptic technique being used?

A

destroys HARMFUL microbes from LIVING TISSUE

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7
Q

what does it mean when there is a degerming technique being used?

A

mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area
(such as using an alcohol wipe on skin before injecting a needle)

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8
Q

what does it mean when there is a sanitization technique being used?

A

lowers microbial counts to safe levels on eating utensils

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9
Q

what makes sterilization different from the rest of the cleaning techniques?

A

sterilization removes and kills ALL microbes

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10
Q

what is the distinction of antisepsis technique?

A

destroys harmful microbes from LIVING tissue

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11
Q

In what way do we chart the microbial death curve? what does this result in?

A

logarithmically; results in a straight line

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12
Q

why would the microbial death curve be a straight line?

A

because bacteria usually die at a constant rate

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13
Q

what are the four factors that affect the control of the microbial death rate?

A

time of exposure
type of microbe
number of microbes
environmental factors (temp/pH/O2/organic material)

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14
Q

on the scale that shows the relative susceptibility of different microbes which microbes are most resistant?

A

prions

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15
Q

on the scale that shows the relative susceptibility of different microbes which microbes are least resistant?

A

viruses with lipid envelopes

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16
Q

are gram positive or gram negative bacteria most/least resistant?

A

gram positive - less resistant
gram negative - more resistant

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17
Q

what is another name for a biocide?

A

germicide

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18
Q

what is a germicide?

A

treatment that kill microbes (like a specific type of microbe)

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19
Q

bonus question what is the bacteria that causes botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum (endospores)

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20
Q

what kind of microbial control technique involves the application of an alcohol swab before injection

A

degerming

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21
Q

what is a fungicide an example of? what is it used for?

A

ex of biocide (germicide)
used to kill fungi

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22
Q

does the presence of organic material affect most antimicrobial treatments?

A

The presence of organic matter often INHIBITS the action of chemical antimicrobials

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23
Q

How does heat affect microbes?

A

kill microbes by denaturing their enzymes

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24
Q

what are the two types of heat that can kill microbes?

A

dry heat
moist heat

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25
Q

what causes the death of microbes in dry heat technique?

A

kills by oxidation effects

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26
Q

what microbial control is the use of dry heat and moist heat?

A

sterilization technique

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27
Q

what two ways can you perform dry heat?

A

direct flaming
hot air sterilization

28
Q

which of the two DRY heat techniques takes longer? how does it work?

A

hot air sterilization
items are placed into oven at 170 for 2 hours

29
Q

what are two examples of moist heat?

A

free-flowing system (autoclave)
boiling (pasteurization)

30
Q

what causes the death of microbes in moist heat technique?

A

coagulates/denatures microbial enzymes

31
Q

which of the two types of heat takes the longest to kill microbes?

A

dry heat

32
Q

which type of heat is most effective at killing microbes? why?

A

Autoclave
high specific heat of water causes the moist heat to be transferred into cells (good at killing endospores this way)

33
Q

what are the standard conditions for autoclave to ensure sterilization?

A

121 Celsius at
15 psi for
15 minutes

34
Q

how does filtration act to sterilize solutions?

A

Mechanically separates microbes from substances by filtering through a screen-like material
different screen materials can trap different sized microbes

35
Q

what two things are not effectively removed by filtration?

A

flexible bacteria (spirochetes)
wall-less mycoplasma

36
Q

what are two types of filters that can be used?

A

HEPA filters (bigger particles)
membrane filters (smaller)

37
Q

how does refrigeration work? does it kill microbes?

A

slows enzymes/ does not kill
(bacteriostasis)

38
Q

how does fast freezing (deep freezing) work? does it kill microbes?

A

mostly slows enzymes/ does not kill
(bacteriostasis)

39
Q

how does slow freezing work? does it kill microbes?

A

kills microbes
any water within bacteria will become crystals which disrupt cellular and molecular structure

40
Q

Radiation causes damage to which cellular macromolecule?

A

DNA (nucleic acids)

41
Q

what are two examples of ionizing radiation used to kill microbes?

A

X-rays
gamma rays
electron beams (used in post office)

42
Q

how does ionizing radiation cause microbial death?

A

creates hydroxyl radicals which causes lethal mutations in DNA

43
Q

how does nonionizing radiation cause microbial death?

A

damages DNA by creating thymine dimers which inhibit DNA replication

44
Q

what is an example of nonionizing radiation?

A

ultraviolet

45
Q

is microwaving an effective control of microbial growth?

A

no, it’s not really great at killing microbes

46
Q

what is plasmolysis?

A

occurs from bacteria being put into a hypertonic solution causing water to leave out of the cell and ruptures the cell wall

47
Q

what is the mode of action of alcohols?

A

usually denatures proteins

48
Q

what microbes does alcohol work best on? not best on?

A

bacteria and fungi
not endospores and nonenveloped viruses

49
Q

what are some examples of alcohols that can be used to kill microbes?

A

ethanol
isopropanol
Purell
GermX

50
Q

what type of microbial control do alcohols offer?

A

degerming (best used on surfaces)

51
Q

mode of action for phenols?

A

injures lipids of plasma membranes causing leaky cells

52
Q

what is the chemical used in Lysol to give it its disinfecting properties?

A

cresols (phenols)

53
Q

mode of action of biguanides?

A

disrupt plasma membranes (esp. gram-positive bacteria)

54
Q

mode of action of halogens?

A

impairs protein synthesis and alters cell membranes

55
Q

what is the example of biguanide?

A

in surgical hand scrubs
(mouthwash?)

56
Q

what are examples of some halogens?

A

iodine
betadine
chlorine

57
Q

what is the oldest and most effective chemical control agent?

A

iodine

58
Q

mode of action of chlorine?

A

Inhibits cellular enzyme system

59
Q

how do surfactants act to rid the body of microbes?

A

it attaches to pieces of dirt(microbes) and lift them off the surface, making them then able to be washed away

60
Q

mode of action of heavy metals?

A

denature proteins

61
Q

what are examples of heavy metals that KILL microbes?

A

silver
copper
zinc

62
Q

what are two examples of oxidizing agents used to kill microbes?

A

peracetic acid
benzyl peroxide

63
Q

what are two examples of aldehydes used to kill microbes?

A

formalin
glutaraldehyde

64
Q

which chemicals act as sterilants?

A

peracetic acid
glutaraldehyde

65
Q

written question what are the 4 factors that effect microbial death rate?

A

time of exposure
type of microbe
number of microbes
environmental factors (temp/pH/O2/organic material)

66
Q

wq what are three parts of the cell that various control agents target/ kill/ inhibit in microbes?

A

plasma membrane (lysing cell)
proteins (enzymes)
nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

67
Q

wq how do surfactants act to rid the body of microbes?

A

(degerming agent) Surfactants act as an emulsifier that reduces surface tension between liquids, breaking apart any oily film into tiny drops with microbes attached, then being able to be rinsed/scrubbed off

Microbiology (23 decks)

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