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Microbiology > Chapter 4 Anatomy of Prokaryotic cells (study guide) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Anatomy of Prokaryotic cells (study guide) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the name for bacteria that are rod-shaped?

A

bacillus (bacilli)

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2
Q

what is the name for bacteria that are spherical in shape?

A

coccus (cocci)

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3
Q

what is the name for bacteria that are spiral-shaped?

A

spirillus

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4
Q

what is the name for cells that can take on many shapes?

A

pleomorphic

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5
Q

what is the name for cells that maintain one shape?

A

monomorphic

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6
Q

what does the term diplo mean?

A

in pairs

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7
Q

what does the term strepto mean?

A

chainlike

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8
Q

what does the term staphylo mean?

A

clusters

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9
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

diplococci

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10
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

streptococci

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11
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

tetrad

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12
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

sarcinae

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13
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

staphylococci

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14
Q

what is the term that identifies curved, rod-shaped spirillus?

A

vibrio

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15
Q

what is the term that identifies rigid corkscrew shaped bacteria?

A

spirillum

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16
Q

what is the term that identifies helical and flexible shaped bacteria?

A

spirochete

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17
Q

Identify:

A

spirochete

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18
Q

Identify:

A

vibrio

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19
Q

Identify:

A

spirillum

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20
Q

what is a glycocalyx?

A

viscous substances that surround cell walls

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21
Q

what are glycocalyx made of?

A

polysaccharides and/ or polypeptides

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22
Q

what are the three variations of glycocalyx?

A

capsule, slime layer, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

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23
Q

describe the appearance of a capsule of bacteria

A

glycocalyx that is neatly organized and firmly attached

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24
Q

describe the appearance of a slime layer of bacteria

A

glycocalyx that is unorganized and lose from the cell wall

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25
Q

what is the definition of virulence

A

viru - virus

how easy it can invade (how harmful it can be)

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26
Q

how does a capsule function?

A

protects pathogenic bacteria from immune cells phagocytosis

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27
Q

how does a capsule function?

A

protects pathogenic bacteria from immune cells phagocytosis

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28
Q

what is the importance of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)?

A

it is important in the formation of biofilm

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29
Q

how does the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) function?

A
  • protects cell within biofilm
  • facilitates communication (sends chemical signals for more to come -like ants)
  • increases cell survival by attaching to various surfaces
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30
Q

what are the three parts of the flagella and their function?

A

filament: outermost portion which propels body directionally
hook: attachment point
basal body: consists of rod and rings; anchors flagellum to cell wall and membrane

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31
Q

what is a peritrichous flagella?

A

peri-: around
trich-: filament/hair

flagella surrounding the entire body of organism

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32
Q

what is a monotrichous flagella?

A

mono-: one
trich-: filament/hair

containing only one flagella

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33
Q

what is a lophotrichous flagella?

A

loph-: tuft
trich: filament/hair

containing multiple flagella in a concentrated area

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34
Q

what is an amphitrichous flagella?

A

amphi-: both
trich-: filament/hair

containing multiple flagella on both ends of organism

35
Q

what is a polar flagella?

A

flagella found on only one end of organism

36
Q

Describe how an organism uses their flagella to move

A

cell “runs” in one direction by rotating the cell clockwise or counterclockwise
cell turns its body by “tumbling” with abrupt, random changes in direction by rotating its flagella the opposite direction from which it was using to “run”

37
Q

what does the term taxis mean?

A

the allowing of movement towards or away from stimuli by use of flagella

38
Q

what is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

A

fimbriae are abundantly found hair-like appendages that allow for attachment of the cell

pili are 1 or 2 longer hair-like structures involved in motility and the transfer of DNA (plasmid) of one cell to another

39
Q

what makes a peptidoglycan a polysaccharide?

A

it is composed of numerous alternating sugar groups, NAG and NAM

40
Q

what does NAG stand for?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

41
Q

what does NAM stand for?

A

N-acetylmuramic

42
Q

which structure is this? (spelled out)

A

NAG: N-acetylglucosamine

43
Q

which structure is this? (spelled out)

A

NAM: N-acetylmuramic

44
Q

what holds together several chains of NAG and NAM?

A

tetrapeptide/peptide bond

45
Q

what is the purpose of the linkage of chains of NAG and NAM?

A

to form a carbohydrate backbone for the cell wall

46
Q

what is the enzyme that specifically targets peptidoglycan? where are they found?

A

lysozyme; break down cell walls of certain bacteria
tears, saliva, sweat

47
Q

list all the differences between the physical structure of Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls

A
48
Q

list all the characteristic differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive

A
49
Q

The appearance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and teichoic acid both look like wavy hairs in a diagram, so how can you tell the difference?

A

LPS is rooted by a lipid within the cell wall and the hair-like structures jut out of the lipid

50
Q

what are endospores?

A

“resting cells” a concentration of energy

51
Q

when do endospores form?

A

when essential nutrients are depleted

52
Q

what is the purpose of endospores?

A

to be a dormant highly resistant cell to preserve the cell’s genetic material in times of extreme stress.

53
Q

what is sporulation?

A

endospore formation

54
Q

what is germination?

A

endospore returns from vegetative state

55
Q

Gram - or Gram +, which do endospores occur in?

A

only Gram-positive

56
Q

what are identifying characteristics of mycoplasma?

A

no cell walls
plasma membrane have lipids called sterols
smallest known bacteria to grow and reproduce outside living host cells

57
Q

what is mycobacterium cell walls made of?

A

acid-fast cell walls - cell wall w/mycolic acid within it

58
Q

what are axial filaments?

A

strands of filament that allow for corkscrew movement

59
Q

how do axial filaments work?

A

anchor at one end, spiral down the length, and rotate to cause corkscrew movement
helps move through mucus

60
Q

what is the definition of selective permeability?

A

certain molecules and ion allowed to pass through while others are not

61
Q

what are the two processes that allow ions/ molecules move pass through the plasma membrane?

A

passive transport and active transport

62
Q

what is the definition of passive transport?

A

movement from an area of high to low concentration with no energy cost

63
Q

what is the definition of active transport?

A

movement from an area of low to high concentration using ATP

64
Q

what are the three types of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

65
Q

what is passive transport

A

easiest form of movement going from high concentration to low without using energy (think of the smell of cooked food leaving the kitchen)

66
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

uses proteins to allow certain ions/proteins past the membrane (think of a bus taking you through a tunnel)

67
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water molecules through a membrane from high to low concentration

68
Q

what are the types of active transport?

A

active transport
group translocation

69
Q

what is group translocation?

A

requires a transporter protein and PEP
exclusively in prokaryotes

70
Q

what are plasmids?

A

extrachromosomal genetic material that carry non-crucial genes

71
Q

what is bacterial chromosome?

A

thread of DNA that contains genetic information

72
Q

what kind of characteristics would the transfer of plasmids between two bacteria offer?

A

tolerance to chemicals
antibiotic resistance
produce toxins

73
Q

what medical use do plasmids offer?

A

can be used in gene manipulation

74
Q

what is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70s

75
Q

what is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

80s

76
Q

what is required for protein synthesis?

A

protein and ribosomal RNA

77
Q

how do antibiotics inhibit ribosome use within bacteria ?

A

antibiotics attach to different ribosome and interfere with protein synthesis

78
Q

what are inclusions?

A

reserve deposits found floating within cell

79
Q

what are three inclusions

A

lipid inclusions: energy reserves
sulfur granules: energy reserves
polysaccharide granules: energy reserves

80
Q

explain the endosymbiotic theory

A

the theory is that large bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells. the smaller bacteria began to function like chloroplasts and mitochondria within the larger cell, thereby producing the first eukaryotes

81
Q

what is one theory involving DNA that gives endosymbiotic theory merit?

A

small organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own sets of DNA independent from the cell’s. These DNA are similar to their small bacterial cell ancestors

82
Q

what is one theory involving reproduction that gives the endosymbiotic theory merit?

A

when mitochondria and chloroplasts divide, they do so independently- similarly to prokaryotes

83
Q

what is one theory involving ribosomes that gives the endosymbiotic theory merit?

A

Eukaryotes’ mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes that are the same size as prokaryotes (70S)

Microbiology (23 decks)

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