Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 4 Anatomy of Prokaryotic cells (study guide) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Anatomy of Prokaryotic cells (study guide) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name for bacteria that are rod-shaped?

A

bacillus (bacilli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the name for bacteria that are spherical in shape?

A

coccus (cocci)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the name for bacteria that are spiral-shaped?

A

spirillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the name for cells that can take on many shapes?

A

pleomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the name for cells that maintain one shape?

A

monomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the term diplo mean?

A

in pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the term strepto mean?

A

chainlike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the term staphylo mean?

A

clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

diplococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

tetrad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

sarcinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what would this be classified as?

A

staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the term that identifies curved, rod-shaped spirillus?

A

vibrio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the term that identifies rigid corkscrew shaped bacteria?

A

spirillum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the term that identifies helical and flexible shaped bacteria?

A

spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identify:

A

spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify:

A

vibrio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify:

A

spirillum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a glycocalyx?

A

viscous substances that surround cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are glycocalyx made of?

A

polysaccharides and/ or polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the three variations of glycocalyx?

A

capsule, slime layer, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the appearance of a capsule of bacteria

A

glycocalyx that is neatly organized and firmly attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the appearance of a slime layer of bacteria

A

glycocalyx that is unorganized and lose from the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the definition of virulence
viru - virus how easy it can invade (how harmful it can be)
26
how does a capsule function?
protects pathogenic bacteria from immune cells phagocytosis
27
how does a capsule function?
protects pathogenic bacteria from immune cells phagocytosis
28
what is the importance of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)?
it is important in the formation of biofilm
29
how does the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) function?
- protects cell within biofilm - facilitates communication (sends chemical signals for more to come -like ants) - increases cell survival by attaching to various surfaces
30
what are the three parts of the flagella and their function?
filament: outermost portion which propels body directionally hook: attachment point basal body: consists of rod and rings; anchors flagellum to cell wall and membrane
31
what is a peritrichous flagella?
peri-: around trich-: filament/hair flagella surrounding the entire body of organism
32
what is a monotrichous flagella?
mono-: one trich-: filament/hair containing only one flagella
33
what is a lophotrichous flagella?
loph-: tuft trich: filament/hair containing multiple flagella in a concentrated area
34
what is an amphitrichous flagella?
amphi-: both trich-: filament/hair containing multiple flagella on both ends of organism
35
what is a polar flagella?
flagella found on only one end of organism
36
Describe how an organism uses their flagella to move
cell "runs" in one direction by rotating the cell clockwise or counterclockwise cell turns its body by "tumbling" with abrupt, random changes in direction by rotating its flagella the opposite direction from which it was using to "run"
37
what does the term taxis mean?
the allowing of movement towards or away from stimuli by use of flagella
38
what is the difference between fimbriae and pili?
fimbriae are abundantly found hair-like appendages that allow for attachment of the cell pili are 1 or 2 longer hair-like structures involved in motility and the transfer of DNA (plasmid) of one cell to another
39
what makes a peptidoglycan a polysaccharide?
it is composed of numerous alternating sugar groups, NAG and NAM
40
what does NAG stand for?
N-acetylglucosamine
41
what does NAM stand for?
N-acetylmuramic
42
which structure is this? (spelled out)
NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
43
which structure is this? (spelled out)
NAM: N-acetylmuramic
44
what holds together several chains of NAG and NAM?
tetrapeptide/peptide bond
45
what is the purpose of the linkage of chains of NAG and NAM?
to form a carbohydrate backbone for the cell wall
46
what is the enzyme that specifically targets peptidoglycan? where are they found?
lysozyme; break down cell walls of certain bacteria tears, saliva, sweat
47
list all the differences between the physical structure of Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls
48
list all the characteristic differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive
49
The appearance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and teichoic acid both look like wavy hairs in a diagram, so how can you tell the difference?
LPS is rooted by a lipid within the cell wall and the hair-like structures jut out of the lipid
50
what are endospores?
"resting cells" a concentration of energy
51
when do endospores form?
when essential nutrients are depleted
52
what is the purpose of endospores?
to be a dormant highly resistant cell to preserve the cell's genetic material in times of extreme stress.
53
what is sporulation?
endospore formation
54
what is germination?
endospore returns from vegetative state
55
Gram - or Gram +, which do endospores occur in?
only Gram-positive
56
what are identifying characteristics of mycoplasma?
no cell walls plasma membrane have lipids called sterols smallest known bacteria to grow and reproduce outside living host cells
57
what is mycobacterium cell walls made of?
acid-fast cell walls - cell wall w/mycolic acid within it
58
what are axial filaments?
strands of filament that allow for corkscrew movement
59
how do axial filaments work?
anchor at one end, spiral down the length, and rotate to cause corkscrew movement helps move through mucus
60
what is the definition of selective permeability?
certain molecules and ion allowed to pass through while others are not
61
what are the two processes that allow ions/ molecules move pass through the plasma membrane?
passive transport and active transport
62
what is the definition of passive transport?
movement from an area of high to low concentration with no energy cost
63
what is the definition of active transport?
movement from an area of low to high concentration using ATP
64
what are the three types of passive transport?
simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis
65
what is passive transport
easiest form of movement going from high concentration to low without using energy (think of the smell of cooked food leaving the kitchen)
66
what is facilitated diffusion
uses proteins to allow certain ions/proteins past the membrane (think of a bus taking you through a tunnel)
67
what is osmosis?
movement of water molecules through a membrane from high to low concentration
68
what are the types of active transport?
active transport group translocation
69
what is group translocation?
requires a transporter protein and PEP exclusively in prokaryotes
70
what are plasmids?
extrachromosomal genetic material that carry non-crucial genes
71
what is bacterial chromosome?
thread of DNA that contains genetic information
72
what kind of characteristics would the transfer of plasmids between two bacteria offer?
tolerance to chemicals antibiotic resistance produce toxins
73
what medical use do plasmids offer?
can be used in gene manipulation
74
what is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?
70s
75
what is the size of eukaryotic ribosomes?
80s
76
what is required for protein synthesis?
protein and ribosomal RNA
77
how do antibiotics inhibit ribosome use within bacteria ?
antibiotics attach to different ribosome and interfere with protein synthesis
78
what are inclusions?
reserve deposits found floating within cell
79
what are three inclusions
lipid inclusions: energy reserves sulfur granules: energy reserves polysaccharide granules: energy reserves
80
explain the endosymbiotic theory
the theory is that large bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells. the smaller bacteria began to function like chloroplasts and mitochondria within the larger cell, thereby producing the first eukaryotes
81
what is one theory involving DNA that gives endosymbiotic theory merit?
small organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own sets of DNA independent from the cell's. These DNA are similar to their small bacterial cell ancestors
82
what is one theory involving reproduction that gives the endosymbiotic theory merit?
when mitochondria and chloroplasts divide, they do so independently- similarly to prokaryotes
83
what is one theory involving ribosomes that gives the endosymbiotic theory merit?
Eukaryotes’ mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes that are the same size as prokaryotes (70S)

Microbiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions