Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
what is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
catabolism: the break down of macromolecules and release of energy
anabolism: using energy to build up macromolecules from simpler molecules
what is the relationship between catabolic and anabolic pathways?
catabolic pathway provides the energy that anabolic pathway use
name a few enzyme traits
- speed up reaction by lowering activation rate
- do not affect the end product
- some are stopped by inhibitors
- affected by temperature
- affected by pH
what does a denatured protein look like in comparison to an active one
denatured looks like loose string
active protein have a knotted appearance
what are factors that directly effect enzyme efficiency?
temperature: higher temp increases enzymatic activity until it gets too hot and denatures
pH: enzymes thrive in medium to low acidity levels (not basic)
substrate concentration: increasing substrate yields more activity
what is a cofactor? what is its function?
inorganic cofactors include metal ions
they aide enzyme to catalyze
what is a coenzyme? what is its function?
organic cofactors (FAD and NAD)
they take substrate and transform it into a new product
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what does ADP stand for?
adenosine diphosphate
what is the acronym for oxidation and reduction
OIL RIG
Oxidized is Losing (electrons/gaining positive charge)
Reduction is Gaining (electrons/gaining negative charge)
which of these are being oxidized/reduced?
NAD+ is oxidized
NADH is reduced (remember that in order for a “full battery” it needs electrons)
what is the shorthand for the “charged” forms of NAD+ and FAD
NAD+ = NADH
FAD = FADH2
What step do full energy carriers get used?
when they catabolize
what reactant, product, and energy yielded in glycolysis? Where does this step occur?
reactant: glucose
product: 2 pyruvic acid
energy yield: 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH
Occurs: prokaryotes / eukaryotes - cytoplasm
what carbon compound enters the Krebs cycle? why is this different than the product of glycolysis? Where does this step occur?
2 Acetyl-Co-A
a step occurs between glycolysis and Krebs cycle, called Preparatory Step, where 2 pyruvate are turned into 2 Acetyl-Co-A
Occurs: prokaryotes - cytoplasm
eukaryotes - mitochondrial matrix
what is the reactant, product, and energy yield of the Preparatory Step? Where does this step occur?
reactant: 2 pyruvate
product: 2 Acetyl-Co-A & 2 CO2
Energy yield: 2 NADH
Occurs: prokaryotes - cytoplasm
eukaryotes - mitochondrial matrix
what is the reactant, product, and energy yield of the Krebs cycle? Where does this step occur?
reactant: 2 Acetyl-Co-A
product: 4 CO2
energy yield: 2 GTP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2
Occurs: prokaryotes - cytoplasm
eukaryotes - mitochondrial matrix
where does the Electron Transport Chain cycle occur?
prokaryotes: plasma membrane
eukaryotes: inner mitochondrial membrane
explain what happens to electrons as they are passing through the electron transport chain (ETC).
NADH and FADH2 releases their electrons to create a proton gradient, until finally, oxygen receives the released electrons which causes
what occurs in the chemiosmosis stage to produce ATP?
with an abundance of hydrogen outside the membrane wall, and low abundance of hydrogen inside the membrane, enzyme ATP synthase acts like an ATP pump. (allowing hydrogen to burst in through the membrane wall, producing an abundance of ATP)
what is the energy yield for chemiosmosis?
34 ATP
What is the chemical formula for the breakdown of glucose?
which respiration is considered the most efficient form of metabolism?
aerobic respiration
what is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor and yields an abundance of ATP (38 total)
anaerobic respiration uses and inorganic substance as its final electron acceptor and yields fewer ATP
