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Microbiology > Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

catabolism: the break down of macromolecules and release of energy
anabolism: using energy to build up macromolecules from simpler molecules

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2
Q

what is the relationship between catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

catabolic pathway provides the energy that anabolic pathway use

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3
Q

name a few enzyme traits

A
  • speed up reaction by lowering activation rate
  • do not affect the end product
  • some are stopped by inhibitors
  • affected by temperature
  • affected by pH
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4
Q

what does a denatured protein look like in comparison to an active one

A

denatured looks like loose string
active protein have a knotted appearance

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5
Q

what are factors that directly effect enzyme efficiency?

A

temperature: higher temp increases enzymatic activity until it gets too hot and denatures
pH: enzymes thrive in medium to low acidity levels (not basic)
substrate concentration: increasing substrate yields more activity

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6
Q

what is a cofactor? what is its function?

A

inorganic cofactors include metal ions
they aide enzyme to catalyze

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7
Q

what is a coenzyme? what is its function?

A

organic cofactors (FAD and NAD)
they take substrate and transform it into a new product

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8
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

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9
Q

what does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

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10
Q

what is the acronym for oxidation and reduction

A

OIL RIG
Oxidized is Losing (electrons/gaining positive charge)
Reduction is Gaining (electrons/gaining negative charge)

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11
Q

which of these are being oxidized/reduced?

A

NAD+ is oxidized
NADH is reduced (remember that in order for a “full battery” it needs electrons)

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12
Q

what is the shorthand for the “charged” forms of NAD+ and FAD

A

NAD+ = NADH
FAD = FADH2

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13
Q

What step do full energy carriers get used?

A

when they catabolize

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14
Q

what reactant, product, and energy yielded in glycolysis? Where does this step occur?

A

reactant: glucose
product: 2 pyruvic acid
energy yield: 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH
Occurs: prokaryotes / eukaryotes - cytoplasm

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15
Q

what carbon compound enters the Krebs cycle? why is this different than the product of glycolysis? Where does this step occur?

A

2 Acetyl-Co-A
a step occurs between glycolysis and Krebs cycle, called Preparatory Step, where 2 pyruvate are turned into 2 Acetyl-Co-A
Occurs: prokaryotes - cytoplasm
eukaryotes - mitochondrial matrix

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16
Q

what is the reactant, product, and energy yield of the Preparatory Step? Where does this step occur?

A

reactant: 2 pyruvate
product: 2 Acetyl-Co-A & 2 CO2
Energy yield: 2 NADH
Occurs: prokaryotes - cytoplasm
eukaryotes - mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

what is the reactant, product, and energy yield of the Krebs cycle? Where does this step occur?

A

reactant: 2 Acetyl-Co-A
product: 4 CO2
energy yield: 2 GTP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2
Occurs: prokaryotes - cytoplasm
eukaryotes - mitochondrial matrix

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18
Q

where does the Electron Transport Chain cycle occur?

A

prokaryotes: plasma membrane
eukaryotes: inner mitochondrial membrane

19
Q

explain what happens to electrons as they are passing through the electron transport chain (ETC).

A

NADH and FADH2 releases their electrons to create a proton gradient, until finally, oxygen receives the released electrons which causes

20
Q

what occurs in the chemiosmosis stage to produce ATP?

A

with an abundance of hydrogen outside the membrane wall, and low abundance of hydrogen inside the membrane, enzyme ATP synthase acts like an ATP pump. (allowing hydrogen to burst in through the membrane wall, producing an abundance of ATP)

21
Q

what is the energy yield for chemiosmosis?

A

34 ATP

22
Q

What is the chemical formula for the breakdown of glucose?

A
23
Q

which respiration is considered the most efficient form of metabolism?

A

aerobic respiration

24
Q

what is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor and yields an abundance of ATP (38 total)
anaerobic respiration uses and inorganic substance as its final electron acceptor and yields fewer ATP

25
Q

what is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

26
Q

what is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic substance (nitrate, sulfate)

27
Q

what is the final electron acceptor for fermintation?

A

organic molecule

28
Q

what are the most common products of fermentation?

A

lactic acid and ethanol

29
Q

what step does fermentation use?

A

glycolysis

30
Q

what are the four major classifications of organisms based on metabolism?

A
  1. photoautotrophs
  2. photoheterotrophs
  3. chemoautotrophs
  4. chemoheterotrophs
31
Q

what is the energy source and carbon source for photoautotrophs?

A

energy source: light
carbon source: CO2

32
Q

what is the energy source and carbon source for photoheterotrophs

A

energy source: light
carbon source: other organic compounds

33
Q

what is the energy source and carbon source for chemoautotrophs

A

energy source: electrons from reduced inorganic compounds
carbon source: CO2

34
Q

what is the energy source and carbon source for chemoheterotrophs

A

energy source/carbon source: electrons in organic compounds (from their host cell)

35
Q

what is cellular respiration? why is cellular respiration important for cell/organism?

A

glucose breakdown to form ATP
it is important for production of ATP for cell metabolic use6

36
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed from the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2

37
Q

what was the total ATP yield from the entire process of carbohydrate catabolism?

A

38 ATP

38
Q

what is the ATP yield of fermentation?

A

2 ATP

39
Q

what is an example of photoautotrophs?

A

algae

40
Q

where does glycolysis take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

within the cytoplasm

41
Q

where does the preparatory step take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes: cytoplasm
eukaryotes: mitochondrial matrix

42
Q

where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: mitochondrial matrix

43
Q

where does the electron transport gradient take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes: plasma membrane
eukaryotes: mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

where does the chemiosmosis take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes: plasma membrane
eukaryotes: mitochondrial membrane

Microbiology (23 decks)

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