Chapter 20: antimicrobial drugs

Question 1

How is an antibiotic different than an antimicrobial drug?

Answer 1

antibiotic - organic substance produced by microbe that inhibits another organism

antimicrobial - synthetic substance that inhibits growth of pathogens in host

Question 2

Difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic.

Answer 2

bactericidal - kills microbe
bacteriostatic - inhibits growth of microbe

Question 3

How is a broad-spectrum antibiotic different than a narrow spectrum drug?

Answer 3

narrow spectrum: target one type of microbe
broad-spectrum: targets multiple types of microbes

Question 4

Know the contributions of Ehrlich and Fleming.

Answer 4

Ehrlich: chemotherapy (find the magic silver bullet -chemicals-that kills only pathogens)

Fleming: accidentally observed effectiveness of what would be early basis of antibiotics

Question 5

You should know the four genera of microorganisms that are the most common antibiotic producers.

Answer 5

Bacillus
Streptomyces
Cephalosporium
Penicillium

Question 6

What are the five functions of antimicrobial drug activity? You should know which category each of the covered antimicrobial drug fits in.

Question 7

which drugs work against bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.

Answer 7

fungi: antifungal drugs
anti-protozoal drugs

viruses: nucleoside analogs
enzyme inhibitors

all others target bacteria

Question 8

What is the spectrum of activity of most cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 8

narrow spectrum for Staphylococcus

Question 9

What is the advantage of anti-staphylococcal Penicillins?

Answer 9

it can fight against MRSA

Question 10

What are the cell wall inhibitor antibiotics that are narrow spectrum for acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 10

Antimycobacterial

Question 11

Which genus of bacteria is acid-fast?

Answer 11

Mycobacterium

Question 12

What is the usual spectrum of activity of protein synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 12

broad spectrum

Question 13

Which of the drugs that you learned are examples of aminoglycosides?

Answer 13

Gentamicin

Question 14

What is the only anti-bacterial membrane-damaging agent that was given in lecture?

Answer 14

Polymyxin B

Question 15

What are the three topical antibacterial drugs that are available without a prescription? Why are these drugs used topically instead of ingested as an oral medication?

Answer 15

Bacitracin
Chloramphenicol
Polymyxin B

they are used to treat: eyes, ears, skin, and urinary tract
taken orally because it can be toxic when ingested

Question 16

Which two antibacterial drugs are completely synthetic?

Answer 16

Oxazolidinones
Sulfonamides

Question 17

What does MRSA stand for?

Answer 17

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 18

What was the enzyme inhibitor that was effective against viral replication?

Answer 18

protease inhibitor

Question 19

What do the names of antiviral medications all have in common?

Answer 19

ends in “-vir”

Question 20

What is the sterol that is used by fungi? What is the sterol that is used by humans?

Answer 20

sterol used by fungi: ergosterol
sterol used by humans: cholesterol

Question 21

Know the three anti-parasitic drugs and which worm type each targets best.

Answer 21

Niclosamide: tapeworms
Praziquantel: tapeworms and flukes
Ivermectin: nematodes

Question 22

Review how organisms become antibiotic resistant

Answer 22

can mutate which cause antibiotic resistance.
example in this lecture is antibiotics mutating with a gene that produces penicillinase. Penicillinase can break down the antibiotic Penicillin

Question 23

which drugs are used mostly in ointments?

Answer 23

Bacitracin
Chloramphenicol
Polymyxin B

Question 24

which drugs were/are used to treat MRSA?

Answer 24

were: Methicillin
currently are: Vancomycin

Question 25

what is the difference between antibiotics and antivirals?

Answer 25

antibiotics inhibit growth of bacteria
antivirals inhibit growth of viruses