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Microbiology > Chapter 14 Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of pathology?

A

study of disease

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2
Q

etiology definition?

A

study of cause of disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis defintion?

A

manner in which disease develops

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4
Q

infection definition?

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogen microbes

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5
Q

disease definition?

A

infection resulting in any structural/functional changes in health (fever/sore throat/malaise)

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6
Q

can you be infected without having a disease?

A

yes, you can be infected with pathogens, but have no outward signs that you’ve been infected = no disease

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7
Q

what is the human microbiome project?

A

finds the relationship between microbial communities on the body and human health

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8
Q

what is the normal microbiome?

A

any microbe living on and within the body that does NOT cause harm

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9
Q

At what age and how do people acquire their normal microbiome?

A

gain most of microbiome within first 3 years
within utero (from mother), food, people, pets, outside environment

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10
Q

how are our normal microbes beneficial to us?

A
  1. outcompete pathogens for nutrients (like within our gut/stomach)
  2. produces substances harmful to invading microbes (but harmless to us)
  3. affects pH and available oxygen (which keeps pathogens from growing)
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11
Q

define opportunistic pathogen

A

microbes that do not cause disease in their normal habitat but may do so in a different environment

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12
Q

What can allow opportunistic pathogens to cause disease?

A

Weakened immune system (from disease or previous infection)

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13
Q

Define the three forms of host-microbe symbiosis.

A
  1. commensalism
  2. mutualism
  3. parasitism
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14
Q

what is commensalism?

A

form of host-microbe symbiosis where one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

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15
Q

what is mutualism?

A

form of host-microbe symbiosis where both organisms benefit

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16
Q

what is parasitism?

A

form of host-microbe symbiosis where one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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17
Q

what is transient microbiota?

A

microbes that may be present for only days, weeks, or months

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18
Q

where is one place that normal microbes can be found and how it helps us?

A

bacteria found within the lining of our stomach, help in digesting food

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19
Q

what is the purpose of Koch’s Postulates?

A

the process of determining which microbe is responsible for a disease

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20
Q

completely write out the four conditions of Koch’s postulates.

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
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21
Q

What are 4 important exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Some diseases caused by a variety of microbes
  2. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
  3. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans (would be unethical to test in humans)
  4. Some microbes have never been cultured
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22
Q

Know what theory from chapter 1 Koch’s work is related to.

A

Koch’s postulates were important to germ theory of disease

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23
Q

How is a symptom distinct from a sign?

A
  • symptoms – are changes in body function FELT by patient that result from disease (pain, general unwell feeling)
  • sign – are changes in body that can be MEASURED or observed as result from disease (fever)
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24
Q

What makes a communicable disease contagious?

A

diseases are spread from one host to another

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25
Q

define endemic disease

A

disease CONSTANTLY present in a population

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26
Q

How does an endemic disease become an epidemic?

A

when disease is acquired by many people in a given area in short time

27
Q

Know the difference between acute and chronic diseases.

A

acute – symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only short time
chronic – symptoms develop slowly and last indefinitely

28
Q

Which term is used to describe a disease that is dormant because the microorganism is inactive?

A

latent disease

29
Q

how would you describe a subclinical infection?

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms, but infection is present and person can be infectious

30
Q

Name the five periods of disease

A

incubation period
prodromal period
illness period
decline period
convalescence period

31
Q

describe the incubation period

A

acclimation and growth period of pathogen

32
Q

describe the prodromal period

A

start to feel symptoms of disease such as malaise

33
Q

describe the illness period

A

period of most sick
most contagious
disease reaches peak
patient can die

34
Q

describe the decline period

A

number of microbes start lowering
start to feel better
patient is vulnerable to secondary infections (opportunistic pathogens)

35
Q

describe the convalescence period

A

majority of strength is regained
can still carry pathogen

36
Q

describe the convalescence period

A

majority of strength is regained
can still carry pathogen

37
Q

During which periods is the number of microorganisms increasing?

A

first 3
mostly within illness period

38
Q

In which period does death most likely occur?

A

illness period

39
Q

In which period does a secondary infection most likely set in?

A

decline period

40
Q

Is a person pathogen free during any of the periods of disease?

A

no

41
Q

What is the difference between the reservoirs?

A
  • human reservoirs involve human carriers
  • animal reservoirs involve animals as carriers
  • nonliving reservoirs involve nonliving things as carriers (such as soil and water)
42
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

diseases transmitted from animals to humans

43
Q

How do we acquire zoonoses?

A

diseases can mix within an animal that can easily then infect humans
(ex: Pig can get influenza strain from birds, and from humans. When infected with both, it can mix and infect humans. Normally, if just infected by bird, it would not be able to transfer)

44
Q

What are the names of the three forms of contact transmission?

A

direct contact transmission
indirect contact transmission
droplet transmission

45
Q

what is direct contact transmission? how can this occur?

A

person to person transmission
(kissing, touching, sexual intercourse)

46
Q

what is indirect contact transmission? how can this occur?

A

diseases transferred by nonliving object
(stethoscope, public toilet, bedding, tissues)

47
Q

what is a fomite?

A

a nonliving object that can carry pathogens

48
Q

what are examples of fomites?

A

stethoscope, tissues, bedding, towel, public toilet/sinks

49
Q

What are the three forms of vehicle transmission?

A

Air
Water – poorly treated sewage
Food – poorly refrigerated/ cooked

50
Q

What is droplet nuclei made from? When are these droplets involved with vehicle transmission?

A

made from when we talk, cough, sneeze
water droplets carrying a pathogen leave our mouth and bind to a dust particle in the air. It then is carried with the wind to its next target/destination by means of air vehicle transp.

51
Q

What is the difference between a biological and a mechanical vector?

A

biological - is an active process (arthropod bites and transfers pathogens through feces/vomit as they bite)
mechanical - is a passive process (passive transmission from the feet of a fly/arthropod)

52
Q

what is an example of an arthropod using mechanical transmission?

A

housefly landing on feces and then landing on our food, passively carrying the pathogen

53
Q

what is an example of an arthropod using biological transmission?

A

ticks/mosquitos when they bite passing pathogens in their vomit directly into our skin

54
Q

another name for nosocomial infection?

A

healthcare-associated infections

55
Q

Know the three factors that contribute to nosocomial infections.

A
  1. microbes in the hospital environment
  2. weakened status of host
  3. chain of transmission in a hospital (from Drs, nurses, visitors)
56
Q

examples of microbes that cause nosocomial infections?

A

Clostridium difficile
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae

57
Q

what epidemiological study was John Snow involved with?

A

mapped the occurrence of cholera in London

Went door to door mapping out outbreaks in neighborhoods to narrow down outbreak to specific neighborhood, finds where they got their water from (cholera is water-born). Found their water source was being polluted causing cholera

58
Q

what epidemiological study was Ignaz Semmelweis involved with?

A

showed that handwashing decreased incidence of puerperal sepsis

Told people aiding women in birth, to wash their hands before helping, in order to lessen mother death rate

59
Q

what epidemiological study was Florence Nightingale involved with?

A

showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus

studied people who were working in military barracks. Found military barracks were not sanitary(clean). Suggested better food, cleaning sheets, separating beds

60
Q

describe the story of Typhoid Mary

A

she was a cook and a subclinical infected carrier of typhoid disease. She caused an outbreak of typhoid disease by carrying the pathogen within the peach dessert she prepared. She was asked to quarantine on an island, but was released with the condition that she was to stop cooking. She left the island, didn’t listen to reason, and caused further spread afterwards.

61
Q

what was the pathogen that caused typhoid?

A

Salmonella typhi

62
Q

what does R0 measure? (pronounced “R-not”)

A

measures how many people each sick person will infect on average
(measures how contagious the disease is)

63
Q

which disease had the highest R0 on our chart?

A

measles

64
Q

Did original COVID have a higher or lower R0 than omicron version

A

lower (omicron had higher R0)

Microbiology (23 decks)

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