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Microbiology > Chapter 12 Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Eukaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do fungi obtain food and energy?

A

they are chemoheterotrophs so they decompose and consume organic molecules for food and energy

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2
Q

Are fungi aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic and facultatively anaerobic (can live without oxygen)

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3
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made of?

A

chitin

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4
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

through spores

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5
Q

what are practical ways we use fungi?

A

for food and drugs

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6
Q

where can you find fungi symbiotically living?

A

within tree roots

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7
Q

how do fungi live symbiotically with tree roots? what is the term for fungi that have this relationship?

A

they break down nutrients to make easier for tree to use
tree roots in return provide nutrients for fungi

mycorrhiza

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8
Q

describe the three general structures of mold

A

contain a thallus (the body)
hyphae: long filaments
septa: walls separating segments of hyphae

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9
Q

if a mold has hyphae that don’t have any septa, what are those hyphae called?

A

coenocytic hypha
(See-no-sitic)

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10
Q

what is mycelium? its purpose?

A

filamentous mass made of hyphae
helps digest and absorb nutrients

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11
Q

molds have hyphae that burrow under the surface (like roots) and some that is more aerial, what are each called and their function?

A

vegetative hypha (under) - obtains nutrients
aerial hypha (above) - contains reproductive spores

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12
Q

what are the different types of spores found in molds and their functions?

A

sexual: fusion of nuclei from 2 mating strands
asexual: fragmentation of one organism (frequent option)

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13
Q

what are the two types of asexual spores of molds?

A

conidiospore
sporangiospore

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14
Q

describe the conidiospore

A

uni/multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac

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15
Q

describe the sporangiospore

A

formed within a sporangium or SAC

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16
Q

what is a sexual spore of a mold called? how it functions?

A

zygospores
fusion of two similar gametes

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17
Q

what does the mold Aspergillus cause within the body?

A

aspergillosis: bleeding in the lungs

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18
Q

what demographic does aspergillus effect most

A

people with lung diseases or cancer

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19
Q

what fungus causes valley fever?

A

Coccidioides immitis

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20
Q

where is the Valley fever fungus found?

A

grows in dry, sandy soils in the Southwest

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21
Q

what is unique about the fungal spores that cause valley fever? how does this make it easy to infect people?

A

they have “wings” that allow them to lift into the air and fly around
once in the air spores can easily be inhaled

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22
Q

once in our lungs, what does the valley fever fungus turn into?

A

become ball-shaped and will reproduce this way

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23
Q

what demographic is most at risk for Valley fever?

A

pregnant women
african-americans, filipinos
diabetics
transplant-receivers
HIV patients

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24
Q

what symptoms does valley fever cause?

A

fever
cough
chest pain
chills
lack of appetite

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25
Q

how do yeast reproduce?

A

asexual: budding
sexual: produce spores via meiosis

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26
Q

what is the general shape of yeast?

A

sphere or oval

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27
Q

what is the primary difference between yeasts and molds?

A

yeasts are unicellular fungi
molds are multicellular fungi

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28
Q

what is an example of a budding yeast?

A

Saccharomyces (brewers yeast)

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29
Q

what is budding?

A

outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site

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30
Q

when do yeast primarily use sexual reproduction?

A

when nutrient deprived

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31
Q

what is dimorphic fungi?

A

fungi that are able to grow as a yeast or a mold (either/or)

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32
Q

how do dimorphic fungi appear to grow like molds?

A

have vegetative hypha and aerial hypha

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33
Q

how do dimorphic fungi appear to grow like yeast?

A

reproduce by budding

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34
Q

when do pathogenic dimorphic fungi grow as a yeast instead of a mold?

A

when temperatures drop below 25 degrees Celsius

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35
Q

when do pathogenic dimorphic fungi grow as a mold instead of a yeast?

A

when temperatures rise to 37 degrees Celcius

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36
Q

what is a lichen?

A

symbiotic relationship between green algae and a fungus

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37
Q

where do lichen grow?

A

colonize newly exposed soil or rock

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38
Q

how do lichen weather a rock they are colonized on?

A

they secrete organic acids that chemically eat it away

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39
Q

which is the slowest growing organism on earth?

A

lichen

40
Q

what are the three types of lichen?

A

crustose
fructose
foliose

41
Q

what is the advantage of a fungus forming a lichen relationship to an algae?

A

fungus receives nutrients from algae

42
Q

what are the advantages of an algae forming a lichen relationship to a fungus?

A

fungus provides attachment/ protection
Help provide moisture for algae

43
Q

are protozoa unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

44
Q

what does protozoa mean?

A

“first animals”

45
Q

protozoa are chemoheterotrophs, what does this mean?

A

they get nutrients from chemicals and do not form their own energy/food source

46
Q

what are the four classifications of the various types of protozoa based on locomotion?

A

amoeboid (wavy structures)
ciliates (cilia)
sporozoa (non-motile)
flagellates (flagella)

47
Q

how to protozoans reproduce asexually?

A

fission, budding or schizogony

48
Q

what is schizogony?

A

multiple fission (nucleus divides multiple times)

49
Q

how do protozoans reproduce sexually

A

conjugation
gamete formation

50
Q

what is special about protozoan cysts?

A

Contain a protective capsules that enable parasitic organism to live outside the host

51
Q

what are protozoan trophozoites?

A

growing stage of protozoa when they absorb nutrients within the host

52
Q

how are cystic protozoa passed to another host?

A

in feces

53
Q

who is the definitive host with the organism causing malaria?

A

mosquito

54
Q

who is the intermediate host with the organism causing malaria?

A

human/animal

55
Q

what are the six types of algae?

A

brown algae
red algae
green algae
diatoms
dinoflagellates
water molds

56
Q

which algae is considered phytoplankton?

A

diatoms

57
Q

which algae is not photosynthetic?

A

water molds

58
Q

are water molds and diatoms symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

diatoms - symmetrical
water molds - asymmetrical

59
Q

what is PSP? what causes it?

A

paralytic shellfish poisoning
Dinoflagellates (eating shellfish)

60
Q

How do humans get PSP?

A

eating shellfish contaminated with Paralytic Shellfish Poison

61
Q

what is the neurotoxin associated with PSP? what produces this?

A

saxitoxin
Dinoflagellates

62
Q

What does NSP stand for?
what is the neurotoxin associated with NSP?
what produces this?

A

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
Brevotoxin
Dinoflagellates

63
Q

what does psp cause for humans?

A

paralysis

64
Q

what neurotoxin can diatoms produce? Which genus of diatom produce this?

A

Domoic acid
Pseudo-nitzchia

65
Q

what is the cell wall of water molds made of?

A

cellulose

66
Q

contrast cyst and trophozoite life stages

A

cyst: passed in feces
resistant
infective

trophozoite: feeding
motile
replication occurs

67
Q

what are three types of parasitic worms? (their common names)

A

trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)
nematodes (roundworms)

68
Q

are flukes multi/unicellular?

A

multicellular

69
Q

what are the three types of flukes mentioned in slides?

A

lung fluke
liver fluke
blood fluke

70
Q

what is the example given of the tapeworm?

A

pork tapeworm: Taenia solium

71
Q

what are three examples given of the roundworm

A

hookworms
whipworms
pinworms

72
Q

what does monoecious mean?

A

hermaphroditic: one worm has both male/female parts

73
Q

what does dioecious mean?

A

separate anatomy (male and female worms)

74
Q

which type of parasitic worm is dioecious?

A

nematodes (roundworms)

75
Q

what is the cuticle of a trematodes used for?

A

Absorb food

76
Q

which type of parasitic worms are monoecious?

A

trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworm)

77
Q

how do cestodes absorb nutrients?

A

absorb food through their cuticle

78
Q

how do trematodes absorb nutrients?

A

absorb food through their cuticle

79
Q

what is a scolex? what is it used for?

A

suckers of a tapeworm
used for attachment

80
Q

which type of worm forms a scolex

A

tapeworm

81
Q

what is proglottid?

A

body segments

82
Q

how do nematodes absorb nutrients?

A

Through their mouth

83
Q

what is a spicule used for? which gender of nematodes have them?

A

help guide sperm to the female genital pore

84
Q

which type of of worm uses a spicule?

A

male nematodes

85
Q

which worm is small, white and deposits eggs near the anus?

A

pinworms

86
Q

what discomforts can pinworms cause? why?

A

itchy anus
because female pinworms leave eggs outside of anus

87
Q

what is a vector?

A

typically are arthropods
carry pathogenic microorganism and transfer them

88
Q

what are example of vectors?

A

ticks and mosquitos

89
Q

what type of microbe causes Valley Fever? how can a person get it?

A

mold/fungi called Coccidioides
can get by inhaling spores from dust

90
Q

why are algae so important to the global ecosystem?

A

algae produce about 80% of the world’s oxygen (way more than plants!)
can help produce petroleum
live symbiotically in clams and reef-building corals

91
Q

what is your teachers favorite type of phytoplankton?

A

diatoms

92
Q

what makes lichen a symbiotic organism?

A

lichen is a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi
algae provides food and fungi provide shelter (protecting algae)

93
Q

What is the ventral suckers of trematodes used for?

A

Used for attachment to host

94
Q

What is the scolex of cestodes used for?

A

Attachment

95
Q

What do dioecious male nematodes have

A

Spicules on posterior end (penis-like function)

Microbiology (23 decks)

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