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Microbiology > Chapter 12 Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

How do fungi obtain food and energy?

A

they are chemoheterotrophs so they decompose and consume organic molecules for food and energy

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2
Q

Are fungi aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic and facultatively anaerobic (can live without oxygen)

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3
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made of?

A

chitin

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4
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

through spores

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5
Q

what are practical ways we use fungi?

A

for food and drugs

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6
Q

where can you find fungi symbiotically living?

A

within tree roots

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7
Q

how do fungi live symbiotically with tree roots? what is the term for fungi that have this relationship?

A

they break down nutrients to make easier for tree to use
tree roots in return provide nutrients for fungi

mycorrhiza

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8
Q

describe the three general structures of mold

A

contain a thallus (the body)
hyphae: long filaments
septa: walls separating segments of hyphae

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9
Q

if a mold has hyphae that don’t have any septa, what are those hyphae called?

A

coenocytic hypha
(See-no-sitic)

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10
Q

what is mycelium? its purpose?

A

filamentous mass made of hyphae
helps digest and absorb nutrients

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11
Q

molds have hyphae that burrow under the surface (like roots) and some that is more aerial, what are each called and their function?

A

vegetative hypha (under) - obtains nutrients
aerial hypha (above) - contains reproductive spores

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12
Q

what are the different types of spores found in molds and their functions?

A

sexual: fusion of nuclei from 2 mating strands
asexual: fragmentation of one organism (frequent option)

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13
Q

what are the two types of asexual spores of molds?

A

conidiospore
sporangiospore

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14
Q

describe the conidiospore

A

uni/multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac

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15
Q

describe the sporangiospore

A

formed within a sporangium or SAC

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16
Q

what is a sexual spore of a mold called? how it functions?

A

zygospores
fusion of two similar gametes

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17
Q

what does the mold Aspergillus cause within the body?

A

aspergillosis: bleeding in the lungs

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18
Q

what demographic does aspergillus effect most

A

people with lung diseases or cancer

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19
Q

what fungus causes valley fever?

A

Coccidioides immitis

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20
Q

where is the Valley fever fungus found?

A

grows in dry, sandy soils in the Southwest

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21
Q

what is unique about the fungal spores that cause valley fever? how does this make it easy to infect people?

A

they have “wings” that allow them to lift into the air and fly around
once in the air spores can easily be inhaled

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22
Q

once in our lungs, what does the valley fever fungus turn into?

A

become ball-shaped and will reproduce this way

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23
Q

what demographic is most at risk for Valley fever?

A

pregnant women
african-americans, filipinos
diabetics
transplant-receivers
HIV patients

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24
Q

what symptoms does valley fever cause?

A

fever
cough
chest pain
chills
lack of appetite

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25
how do yeast reproduce?
asexual: budding sexual: produce spores via meiosis
26
what is the general shape of yeast?
sphere or oval
27
what is the primary difference between yeasts and molds?
yeasts are unicellular fungi molds are multicellular fungi
28
what is an example of a budding yeast?
*Saccharomyces* (brewers yeast)
29
what is budding?
outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site
30
when do yeast primarily use sexual reproduction?
when nutrient deprived
31
what is dimorphic fungi?
fungi that are able to grow as a yeast or a mold (either/or)
32
how do dimorphic fungi appear to grow like molds?
have vegetative hypha and aerial hypha
33
how do dimorphic fungi appear to grow like yeast?
reproduce by budding
34
when do pathogenic dimorphic fungi grow as a yeast instead of a mold?
when temperatures drop below 25 degrees Celsius
35
when do pathogenic dimorphic fungi grow as a mold instead of a yeast?
when temperatures rise to 37 degrees Celcius
36
what is a lichen?
symbiotic relationship between green algae and a fungus
37
where do lichen grow?
colonize newly exposed soil or rock
38
how do lichen weather a rock they are colonized on?
they secrete organic acids that chemically eat it away
39
which is the slowest growing organism on earth?
lichen
40
what are the three types of lichen?
crustose fructose foliose
41
what is the advantage of a fungus forming a lichen relationship to an algae?
fungus receives nutrients from algae
42
what are the advantages of an algae forming a lichen relationship to a fungus?
fungus provides attachment/ protection Help provide moisture for algae
43
are protozoa unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
44
what does protozoa mean?
“first animals”
45
protozoa are chemoheterotrophs, what does this mean?
they get nutrients from chemicals and do not form their own energy/food source
46
what are the four classifications of the various types of protozoa based on locomotion?
amoeboid (wavy structures) ciliates (cilia) sporozoa (non-motile) flagellates (flagella)
47
how to protozoans reproduce asexually?
fission, budding or schizogony
48
what is schizogony?
multiple fission (nucleus divides multiple times)
49
how do protozoans reproduce sexually
conjugation gamete formation
50
what is special about protozoan cysts?
Contain a protective capsules that enable parasitic organism to live outside the host
51
what are protozoan trophozoites?
growing stage of protozoa when they absorb nutrients within the host
52
how are cystic protozoa passed to another host?
in feces
53
who is the definitive host with the organism causing malaria?
mosquito
54
who is the intermediate host with the organism causing malaria?
human/animal
55
what are the six types of algae?
brown algae red algae green algae diatoms dinoflagellates water molds
56
which algae is considered phytoplankton?
diatoms
57
which algae is not photosynthetic?
water molds
58
are water molds and diatoms symmetrical or asymmetrical?
diatoms - symmetrical water molds - asymmetrical
59
what is PSP? what causes it?
paralytic shellfish poisoning Dinoflagellates (eating shellfish)
60
How do humans get PSP?
eating shellfish contaminated with Paralytic Shellfish Poison
61
what is the neurotoxin associated with PSP? what produces this?
saxitoxin Dinoflagellates
62
What does NSP stand for? what is the neurotoxin associated with NSP? what produces this?
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning Brevotoxin Dinoflagellates
63
what does psp cause for humans?
paralysis
64
what neurotoxin can diatoms produce? Which genus of diatom produce this?
Domoic acid *Pseudo-nitzchia*
65
what is the cell wall of water molds made of?
cellulose
66
contrast cyst and trophozoite life stages
cyst: passed in feces resistant infective trophozoite: feeding motile replication occurs
67
what are three types of parasitic worms? (their common names)
trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworms) nematodes (roundworms)
68
are flukes multi/unicellular?
multicellular
69
what are the three types of flukes mentioned in slides?
lung fluke liver fluke blood fluke
70
what is the example given of the tapeworm?
pork tapeworm: *Taenia solium*
71
what are three examples given of the roundworm
hookworms whipworms pinworms
72
what does monoecious mean?
hermaphroditic: one worm has both male/female parts
73
what does dioecious mean?
separate anatomy (male and female worms)
74
which type of parasitic worm is dioecious?
nematodes (roundworms)
75
what is the cuticle of a trematodes used for?
Absorb food
76
which type of parasitic worms are monoecious?
trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworm)
77
how do cestodes absorb nutrients?
absorb food through their cuticle
78
how do trematodes absorb nutrients?
absorb food through their cuticle
79
what is a scolex? what is it used for?
suckers of a tapeworm used for attachment
80
which type of worm forms a scolex
tapeworm
81
what is proglottid?
body segments
82
how do nematodes absorb nutrients?
Through their mouth
83
what is a spicule used for? which gender of nematodes have them?
help guide sperm to the female genital pore
84
which type of of worm uses a spicule?
male nematodes
85
which worm is small, white and deposits eggs near the anus?
pinworms
86
what discomforts can pinworms cause? why?
itchy anus because female pinworms leave eggs outside of anus
87
what is a vector?
typically are arthropods carry pathogenic microorganism and transfer them
88
what are example of vectors?
ticks and mosquitos
89
what type of microbe causes Valley Fever? how can a person get it?
mold/fungi called *Coccidioides* can get by inhaling spores from dust
90
why are algae so important to the global ecosystem?
algae produce about 80% of the world's oxygen (way more than plants!) can help produce petroleum live symbiotically in clams and reef-building corals
91
what is your teachers favorite type of phytoplankton?
diatoms
92
what makes lichen a symbiotic organism?
lichen is a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi algae provides food and fungi provide shelter (protecting algae)
93
What is the ventral suckers of trematodes used for?
Used for attachment to host
94
What is the scolex of cestodes used for?
Attachment
95
What do dioecious male nematodes have
Spicules on posterior end (penis-like function)

Microbiology (23 decks)

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