Chapter 16 Nonspecific immunity

Question 1

Know the basic differences between innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 1

innate immunity – what we are born with/ always working/ is non-specific

adaptive immunity – what we gain as we encounter pathogens/ specific immunity / more powerful/ not always working – takes several days to initiate

Question 2

Does first line innate immunity involve the activation of immune cells or immune proteins?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

Know many examples of first line innate immunity and be able to classify as chemical or physical.

Answer 3

• physical barriers: (skin, urine, nose hairs, saliva, ciliary escalator, vomiting/diarrhea)
• chemical barriers: lysozyme, HCL, histatin, sebum, protease pepsin

Question 4

Know which immune cells are derived from the myeloid stem cell.

Answer 4

RBC, megakaryocyte, mast cell, eosinophil, basophils, neutrophil, platelets

Question 5

what 3 innate immune cells that are the common phagocytes.

Answer 5

Neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 6

Which of these immune cells is known as the ‘best’ phagocyte?

Answer 6

macrophages

Question 7

What are TLRs? How do TLRs assist with immune defenses?

Answer 7

Toll-like receptors found on surface of neutrophils
- recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are found only on pathogens. Makes neutrophils able to recognize non-self from self

Question 8

What type of microorganism is specifically targeted by eosinophils?

Answer 8

Large target organisms

Question 9

How are basophils and mast cells similar? Conversely, how are basophils and mast cells different?

Answer 9

Both contain granules that contain signaling molecules that promote immune response
Basophils are found floating in blood while mast cells are found stationary within tissue

Question 10

Which cell type found in the blood can become a macrophage?

Answer 10

monocytes

Question 11

How is a fixed macrophage different from a free macrophage?

Answer 11

Fixed macrophage (embedded within tissue – brain, skin, lungs)
Free macrophage (roam tissue and gather at infection sites

Question 12

What is a natural killer cell? How is it different than the other innate cells?

Answer 12

Granulocyte aimed at killing abnormal host cells (virus-infected and cancerous)
other innate immune cells are aimed at causing bacterial death

Question 13

How do perforin and granzymes kill target cells?

Answer 13

Perforin – creates holes in host cell (causing lysis)
Granzymes – causes apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Question 14

What is the basic function of a dendritic cell?

Answer 14

Primary antigen presenting cell - after phagocytosis it migrates towards immune organs in order to present antigen to immune cells there

Question 15

How are inactive complement proteins activated?

Answer 15

in response to foreign cells by means of antibodies or lectin cause activation of C3 protein in complement which then activates cascade

Question 16

Which organ produces complement proteins?

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

What are the shorthand terms for the two activated complement fragments?

Answer 17

C3a and C3b

Question 18

Which specific complement protein is at the end of the activation cascade?

Answer 18

C9

Question 19

What are the 3 immune responses that occur after the complement activation?

Answer 19

opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis

Question 20

How does opsonization work?

Answer 20

C3b attaches to foreign cell which improves phagocytosis

Question 21

how does inflammation work?

Answer 21

caused by C3a signaling mast cells to activate inflammation

Question 22

how does cytolysis work?

Answer 22

caused by membrane attack complex forming giant holes in foreign cell

Question 23

What is the end result when the complement cascade from C3 to C9 is completed?

Answer 23

Cytolysis caused by membrane attack complex

Question 24

Which cell releases interferon alpha?

Answer 24

virus infected host cell

Question 25

What cells are interferons signaling to?

Answer 25

NK cells
neighboring cells

Question 26

what do interferons cause neighboring cells to produce/release? Why?

Answer 26

proteases
nucleases
antiviral proteins
(to inhibit virus from infecting the neighboring cells)

Question 27

Why are antimicrobial proteins a good defense against pathogens?

Answer 27

Attacks microbes in many ways, and there is no known resistance by microbes

Question 28

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 28

Pain,
redness,
heat,
swelling,
immobility

Question 29

What is the result of histamine release at the site of injury?

Answer 29

Increased membrane permeability causing increased fluid delivery

Question 30

What is the purpose of forming a blood clot as part of inflammation?

Answer 30

Decreases blood flow and allows fluid to accumulate at site

Question 31

Describe how immune cells leave the bloodstream and travel to sites of infection. What are the three formal terms?

Answer 31

margination
diapedesis
chemotaxis

Question 32

describe what occurs during margination?

Answer 32

immune cells move to edges of vessel

Question 33

describe what occurs during diapedesis

Answer 33

immune cells squeeze between endothelial cells

Question 34

describe what occurs during chemotaxis

Answer 34

immune cells travel to source of histamine

Question 35

what is a pyrogen?

Answer 35

chemical compound that induces fever

Question 36

Why is a fever (below 104 F) beneficial?

Answer 36

Fever catalyzes immune cell functions while inhibiting microbial growth

Question 37

How does a phagocyte destroy an engulfed microorganism?

Answer 37

by means of digestion – lysosome fusing with phagocytic vesicle to break down microbe

Question 38

Describe the difference between a phagosome and a phagolysosome.

Answer 38

Phagosome is a phagocytic vesicle (vesicle with phagocyte within it)
Phagolysosome is when a vesicle with lysosome fuses with the phagosome (phagocytic vesicle)

Question 39

What is resistance?

Answer 39

Resistance – is in reference to resistance to a disease

Question 40

What is susceptible?

Answer 40

Susceptibility – is in reference to the increased likeliness to get a disease

Question 41

what can cause resistance?

Answer 41

Some genetic traits make someone resistant to specific diseases

Question 42

what can cause susceptibility?

Answer 42

Age has an effect. The very young (whose immune systems are still developing) and the elderly (whose immune systems are less responsive) are more susceptible to disease