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Microbiology > Chapter 18: Practical applications of immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Practical applications of immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

contains inactive/weakened versions of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity

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2
Q

what is immunity?

A

Ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin

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3
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies different from what is produced in the human body? (hint: the human body produces polyclonal antibodies)

A

monoclonal are antibodies that are specific to one single pathogen and can be used as treatment for a specific disease

polyclonal are antibodies that we have within our bodies which are programmed for all sorts of antigens of all sorts of pathogens

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4
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies formed?

A

Combination of “immortal” cancerous B cell + antibody producing normal B cell
1. mouse injected with pathogen
2. spleen of mouse is removed to extract activated B cells
3. activated B cells are mixed with myeloma cells (undying B cells that can proliferate but not produce antibodies)
4. hybrid cells are capable of growing continuously in culture while producing antibodies
5. mixture of cells placed in selective medium to only grow hybrid cells which multiply to produce hybridomas

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5
Q

What is molecular mimicry? How does this phenomenon make working with antibodies difficult?

A

When two very different antigens share a common epitope
This can even occur between a pathogen and a self cell’s antigen creating autoimmune reactions (attacking the self cell, by mistaking it for the pathogen it mimicked)

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6
Q

What is seroconversion?

A

Time (delay) period during which a specific antibody develops and becomes detectable in the blood (some diseases take longer or shorter for this period to occur) this is why when testing for covid, you need to wait 5 days after exposure to test

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7
Q

What is a titer?

A

Concentration of serum antibody (high titer = greater immunity to disease)

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8
Q

What does the abbreviation ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

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9
Q

What are the two basic types of ELISAs?

A

direct ELISA
indirect ELISA

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10
Q

Describe direct ELISA

A

detects antigens

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11
Q

describe indirect ELISA

A

detects antibodies

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12
Q

What is the importance of why we should get vaccines? to tell patients..

A

there are minimal risks of getting vaccines, but the benefits will always outweigh the risks. the benefits being that the ultimate goal of vaccines is to reduce severity of disease and reduce death rates.

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13
Q

what is involved in a live attenuated vaccine?

A

uses a living pathogen with reduced virulence (is weakened)

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14
Q

what are the pros/cons of live attenuated vaccine?

A

pro: creates memory B cells and memory T cells/ lifelong immunity
con: might mutate back to more virulent form/ not good for weakened immune systems

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15
Q

what is an example for live attenuated vaccine?

A

attenuated bacterial vaccine (Ty21a) to protect against typhoid.

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16
Q

what is involved with inactivated killed vaccines?

A

use whole pathogen that has been killed

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17
Q

what are pros/cons of inactivated killed vaccines?

A

pro: safer than live vaccines
con: risk of incomplete activation of immune response (need boosters)/ only creates B memory cells

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18
Q

what is an example of inactivated bacterial vaccine?

A

Inactivated bacterial vaccines for cholera

19
Q

what is involved with subunit vaccines?

A

contain only selected antigen fragments either by use of bacteria/viral components or recombinant vaccines

20
Q

what are recombinant vaccines?

A

type of subunit vaccine which are created by genetically modifying a nonpathogenic microbe to produce an antigenic fraction

21
Q

what are the types of subunit vaccines?

A

recombinant vaccines
conjugated vaccines
toxoids
virus-like particle vaccines

22
Q

what is an example of a recombinant vaccine?

A

hepatitis B vaccine contains viral protein coat on modified yeast

23
Q

what is involved with a conjugated vaccine?

A

a type of subunit vaccine that uses two components, linked together, to create a stronger immune response

24
Q

what is a pro of conjugated vaccine?

A

good for children who do not have a strong immune system built yet

25
Q

what is an example of conjugated vaccine?

A

Hib - Haemophilus influenzae type b

26
Q

what is a pro of subunit vaccines in general?

A

avoids use of viral host cells

27
Q

what is involved with virus-like particles vaccines?

A

type of subunit vaccine that uses an intact virus without any viral genetic material inside of it

28
Q

what is an example of virus-like particles vaccines?

A

human papilloma vaccine

29
Q

what is involved with nucleic acid vaccines?

A

uses naked or encapsulated RNA or DNA that codes specific protein antigens. Receiving cell will synthesize the protein and create both humoral and cellular immune response

30
Q

what is a pro with nucleic acid vaccines?

A

they activate both B cells and T cells

31
Q

what is an example of nucleic acid vaccines

A

COVID vaccine (Moderna and Pfizer)

32
Q

what is involved with recombinant vector vaccines?

A

uses nonpathogenic virus or bacteria to deliver recombinant DNA

33
Q

what is an example of the recombinant vector vaccines?

A

Johnson & Johnson COVID vaccine

34
Q

which two types of vaccines use the entire pathogen?

A

cellular vaccines:
- Live attenuated vaccine
- Inactivated killed vaccines

35
Q

Why is a live attenuated vaccine more effective at eliciting strong immune responses and good memory?

A

Because it very closely resembles the virulent pathogen to activate both humoral and cellular immune responses

36
Q

Which types of vaccines do not use the entire pathogen?

A

acellular vaccines:
- all subunit vaccines
- nucleic acid vaccines
- recombinant vector vaccines

37
Q

Why is it necessary to offer a conjugated vaccine?

A

It is important for children who do not have a developed immune system and need help activating a stronger response

38
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

Prescence of immunity, due to vaccinations, in most of a population (decreases spread of disease creating epidemic)

39
Q

how you would explain the importance of vaccines to a patient.

A

vaccines can cause side effects, but the side effects pale in comparison to the benefits.
the benefits being that the ultimate goal of vaccines is to reduce severity of disease and reduce death rates

40
Q

what type of vaccine is Pfizer and Moderna?

A

Nucleic acid vaccines

41
Q

what type of vaccine is Johnson & Johnson?

A

recombinant vector vaccine

42
Q

what type of ELISA test is used for an at-home COVID test?

A

Direct ELISA test

43
Q

what type of ELISA test is used for an HIV test?

A

Indirect ELISA

44
Q

what type of ELISA test is used in a drug test?

A

direct ELISA

Microbiology (23 decks)

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