Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the causative agent of typical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What allows the bacterial pathogen to cause scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized Streptococcus pyogenes
what is the organism responsible for strep throat/pharyngitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes group A; GAS
What is the causative agent of walking pneumonia? Why is this type of pneumonia called ‘walking’?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Called walking pneumonia because symptoms are very mild (low fever, cough, headache)
What genera of bacteria commonly causes middle ear infections? What is the scientific term for this disorder?
Streptococcus
Otis media
What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be inhaled and are phagocytized by macrophages. They then replicate within macrophages
what are tubercles?
Clumps of macrophages that wall off bacteria then become calcified to form tubercles
What disease is caused by Bordatella pertussis?
whooping cough
What vaccine is used to protect against Bordatella pertussis?
DTaP vaccine
What three groups of viruses most commonly cause colds?
Rhinoviruses
Coronaviruses
Enterovirus
What are the primary characteristics caused by a cold?
sneezing, nasal secretion, congestion
What are the principal symptoms and signs of influenza?
Chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches
Which type of influenza is the most severe? (Influenza A or B?)
Influenza A can cause pandemic and significant mortalities
What is the genome of influenza?
What are some of the reservoirs of influenza?
Humans, pigs, horses, birds, marine mammals (spec. in A)
what is the function of hemagglutinin?
are spike proteins within influenza virus that allow for recognition and attachment to host cells
What is the function of neuraminidase?
Spike proteins within influenza virus that help virus separate from the infected cell after replication occurs
What is the name of the process that produces minor variations to influenza?
Antigenic drift (minor changes in HA and NA) allow virus to evade some host immunity
How is antigenic shift accomplished?
When two different influenza viruses circulating in the environment infect and multiply inside the same cell, they can then exchange or reassort genetic material and create a new virus
What is the reason for tracking and making a new influenza vaccine each year?
Each strain of influenza can easily mutate by going through antigenic drift and shift of their spike proteins HA and NA
What does the abbreviation RSV stand for?
Respiratory Syncytial virus
Describe signs and symptoms of RSV
Respiratory Syncytial virus - Causes syncytium (cell fusion) in a cell culture & coughing/wheezing
Know that a new vaccine for RSV has recently been approved for those 65 and older.
palivizumab
Which particular group (or groups) of people is most commonly affected by RSV?
Infants (most common viral resp. disease)
and older adults (life-threatening pneumonia)
What virus causes COVID-19?
Type of coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)
What are some signs and symptoms of COVID-19?
flu-like symptoms, cough, fever, and shortness of breath
What therapies have been FDA (emergency use) approved to treat COVID?
Oral antivirals: Paxlovid and molnupiravir
What 2 vaccines are in circulation in the US to help reduce severity or prevent COVID?
Pfizer and Moderna (nucleic acid vaccines)
