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Microbiology > Chapter 19: > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between hypersensitivity and autoimmunity?

A

hypersensitivity - immune system is functioning and targeting normally but is giving an undesirable response (excessive)
autoimmunity - Immune system is functioning normally but is targeting abnormally (ends up attacking “self” cells and tissues)

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2
Q

Is the immune system functioning normally during hypersensitivity?

A

yes functioning and targeting normally but just excessive

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3
Q

Is the immune system functioning normally during autoimmunity?

A

no, self cells are mistakenly being attacked

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4
Q

what are the four types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1: anaphylactic hypersensitivity
Type 2: cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Type 3: Immune complex hypersensitivity
Type 4: delayed hypersensitivity

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5
Q

what are occurs in the body when hypersensitivity type 1 occurs? how? after how long?

A

localized anaphylaxis
caused by: asthma/ infection/ pollen/ slight food allergy

systemically anaphylaxis: anaphylactic shock
caused by: bee stings/ major food allergy
less than 30 minutes after exposure

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6
Q

what occurs within the body when hypersensitivity type 2 occurs? examples? after how long?

A

IgG and IgM cause membrane attack complex through complement
Rh Factor + thrombocytopenic purpura
5-8 hours after exposure

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7
Q

what occurs within the body when hypersensitivity type 3 occurs? examples? after how long?

A

antibody-antigen complex
serum sickness
2-8 hours after exposure

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8
Q

what occurs withing the body when hypersensitivity type 4 occurs? examples? after how long?

A

T cell response causing cell lysis
poison oak, poison ivy, cheap metals in jewelry
1-3 days

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9
Q

what are the four types of autoimmunity are there?

A

Type 1: cytotoxic reaction
Type 2: cytotoxic reaction
Type 3: immune complex autoimmunity
Type 4: cell-mediated autoimmunity

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10
Q

what occurs within the body when type 1 autoimmunity occurs? examples?

A

antibodies cause cell death
autoimmune hemolytic anemia

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11
Q

what occurs within the body when type 2 autoimmunity occurs? examples?

A

antibodies alter cell function
Graves’ disease

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12
Q

what occurs within the body when type 3 autoimmunity occurs? examples?

A

self antigens cause complex deposits
rheumatoid arthritis

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13
Q

what occurs within the body when type 4 autoimmunity occurs? examples?

A

CD8+ T cells react to “self” cells
type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis

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14
Q

What types of hypersensitivity requires B cell activity?

A

types 1-3

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15
Q

How does the body normally respond to an injected antigen during a type I hypersensitivity?

A

systemically anaphylaxis: anaphylactic shock
can be caused by: bee stings

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16
Q

What were some examples of type II hypersensitivity given in class?

A

Rh Factor + thrombocytopenic purpura

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17
Q

Which types of hypersensitivity can be linked specifically to IgG?

A

Type 2 and 3

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18
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is dependent only on T cell activation?

A

Type 4

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19
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity has the shortest wait time for the onset of a reaction after exposure?

A

Type 1

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20
Q

How are TH17 CD 4+ T cells related to the autoimmunity?

A

Characterized by excessive inflammation within type 3 of autoimmunity (rheumatoid arthritis)

21
Q

What are a few of the suspected causes of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity?

A

industrial pollutants
consequences of being too clean (hygiene hypothesis)

22
Q

How does the hygiene hypothesis connect with H & A’s?

A

being too clean can cause lack of training of the immune system in order to fight off pathogens

23
Q

Is the immune system functioning normally during immunodeficiency?

A

no, some or all of immune system is not functioning properly

24
Q

What are the two most common causes of immunodeficiencies?

A

congenital - disorders are inherited
acquired - caused by cancer/virus

25
Q

What does the abbreviation SCID stand for? how rare is this?

A

severe combined immunodeficiency
(1 in 100,000)

26
Q

Is SCID a serious condition? How does SCID affect the immune system?

A

yes, it is the lack of adaptive immune system (no B or T cells)

27
Q

What are the structural characteristics of HIV?

A

contains gp41 (aids in fusion)
contains gp120 (binds with CD4 T cell receptor CCR5 or CXCR4)
contains reverse transcriptase (allows for reproduction of virus and mutations)

28
Q

Which type of HIV is common in North America, for the United States and Mexico?

A

HIV 1, group M: clade B

29
Q

What allows HIV to change over the course of an infection?

A

reverse transcriptase creates mutations of new variants fairly often

30
Q

What are the human host cell receptor and coreceptors that allow HIV to infect?

A

CD4 receptor
CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor

31
Q

Which specific immune cell types are infected by HIV?

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
CD4+ T cells

32
Q

How is the life cycle of HIV distinct from other viral families? Technically, this is review from lecture exam #2.

A

reverse transcriptase allows for virus to enter cell and remain latent or replicate its DNA

33
Q

Which body organ becomes infested with large amounts of HIV?

A

lymph nodes

34
Q

How is HIV most likely to be transmitted?

A

blood transmission would be most likely
sexual transmission would be second likely

35
Q

You should know the names and descriptions of each phase of HIV infection.

A

Phase 1: asymptomatic phase: generally no significant symptoms besides occasional flu-like symptoms caused by ARS

Phase 2: Symptomatic phase: opportunistic pathogens cause infections (early indication of immune system failure)

Phase 3: AIDS: zero adaptive immune system

36
Q

How does T cell number relate to disease progression? (You should know specific values). What is the normal value, before disease starts to affect the body?

A

T cell count goes down as disease progresses
Normal value: 800-1200
Phase 1: 1000-800 CD4 T cell/microliter of blood
Phase 2: 800-200 CD4 T cell/microliter of blood
Phase 3: 200 or less CD4 T cell/microliter of blood

37
Q

What does the abbreviation ARS stand for? During which phase of HIV infection would ARS occur?

A

Acute Retroviral Syndrome: flu-like symptoms
during phase 1

38
Q

What is a noticeable indicator that HIV infection has progressed to phase 2?

A

more frequent to secondary infections caused by opportunistic pathogens

39
Q

What does the abbreviation HAART stand for? Why is treatment with HAART a challenge in developing countries?

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy
-it is costly at 1,000 - 3,000$ per month

40
Q

Which state has the most new HIV infections?

A

Florida

41
Q

Which state contains the greatest number of people living with HIV infections?

A

New York

42
Q

In the US, who is most at risk for becoming infected with HIV?

A

African-American homosexual males

43
Q

Globally, who is most at risk for becoming infected with HIV?

A

women

44
Q

explain the difference between a person that is HIV positive and a person who has AIDS.

A

HIV + = disease is latent but infection is present
AIDS = disease is active/ no adaptive immune system

45
Q

true/false: in a vaccine preparation, the term attenuated means that the agent does not replicate?

A

false

46
Q

true/false: immunological immunity is important for killing a recurring pathogen

A

true

47
Q

what is the name of the sterol that is targeted in the cell wall of fungi

A

ergosterol

48
Q

which of these is most known for being a topical antibiotic?

A

polymyxin b

49
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors are stopping what process?

A

translation

Microbiology (23 decks)

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