Chapter 7 pt.4 Flashcards
What did Vygotsky believe about how cognitive development is advanced (different from Piaget)
He believed that cognitive development is advanced by social interaction and parental responsiveness, an important component is scaffolding
What is Cognitive Scaffolding
temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to help children learn
eventually, scaffolding decreases as children become capable of carrying out the task on their own
Explain the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)
The zone refers to the gap between what children are capable of doing alone and what they could do with the help from others.
Children who have been reared in poverty perform significantly lower on standardized intelligence tests compared to higher socio-economic status, what was created to prevent this?
Preschool programs were begun in the 1960s to enhance children’s cognitive development and readiness for elementary school
Research conducted in Montreal by Linda Pagani shows evidence that screen time among children is bad, why is it bad?
Because it can result on social skill deficits, which can lead to greater experiences of victimization of bullying (according to the research)
What is the theory of mind and around what age does it advance
Understanding that people are mental beings and have their own state of mind (thoughts, wishes, feelings) that differs from our own.
advances around the age of 4
What does having a “theory of mind” influence?
Our social relationships - Because children who have a well-developed theory of mind tend to be better communicators and are able to resolve conflicts with their friends
What is “Appearance Reality Distinction”
the difference between real events, and imagined events, fantasies, and misleading appearances
Who viewed that children do not have appearance-reality distinction until the age of 7-8 years
Piaget
What type of memory is the memory of specific episodes or events facilitated by children
Autobiographical memory
What factors effect a child’s memory
What they are asked to remember
Interest level
Availability of retrieval cues/reminders
memory measure being used
Children find it easier to remember events that follow a fixed and logical order (instead of random events)
What are 2 strategies to remembering
mental repetition/rehearsal (repeating something over and over)
Organizing things into categories
Word learning doesn’t occur gradually, but is characterized as a “fast-mapping” process, what does this mean?
when a child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate concept
In what year does a “grammar explosion” occur?
age 3
What is Pragmatics
the practical aspects of communication, children show this when they adjust their speech to a certain situation
example: If a kid is playing pretend and is playing the role of a father, they might use a more formal tone
