Chapter 7 pt.3 Flashcards
How much sleep do toddlers need (National Sleep Foundation)
12-14 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period
What happens if children don’t receive sufficient sleep
they may experience changes in behaviour, like her activity, aggression, crying, or misbehaviour
sometimes appetite, temperament, an learning abilities
What are Nightmares and what are Sleep Terrors
Nightmares = dreams of disturbing and vivid content, that takes place during lighter-rapid-eye movement (rem) sleep.
Sleep terrors are extreme nightmares that take place during deep sleep (not rem sleep)
What is another word for sleepwalking and when does it usually occur
somnambulism, occurs during deep sleep
Most Canadian children are toilet trained between ages __ and ___ years
2 and 3 years
What plays a role in the age when toilet training is initiated
race and socio-economic status plays a role
Caucasian parents do it later (25.4 months) compared to African and other racial groups (19.4 months)
Higher-income groups does it later
What is Enuresis
failure to control the bladder once the normal age for achieving bladder control has been reached
What is “Bed-wetting”
failure to control the bladder during the night
When would a child be considered enuretic
if they are over the age of 5 and wet themselves more than twice a week
Who is bed wetting more common within what is a common cause
more common among boys, and the cause is issues with the maturity of the bladder
What are the chances of a kid bed-wetting if one of their parents also did it. And what are the chances of a kid bed-wetting when both their parents did it.
25% and 65%
What is Encopresis
lack of control over the bowels (soiling)
What are the causes of Encopresis?
Both physical causes (like chronic constipation) and psychological factors
Stress because of punishments is also a cause (moving bowels requires relaxation)
What did Piaget say about children’s drawings
that children’s drawings are symbols of objects, people, and events in children’s lives.
What is Symbolic Play and what does it require
Symbolic Play is the “lets pretend” type of play and requires cognitive sophistication
according to Piaget, when does pretend play begin
in the second year, when the child begins to symbolize objects
What percentage of preschoolers have imaginary friends and where is it most common
65%, more common among first-born and only children
According to Piaget, during the preoperational stage of development, children are ____-_______ ________, and the consequence is ___________.
One-dimensional thinkers, and the consequence is Egocentrism
In Piaget’s use of the term Egocentrism, what is it?
that preoperational children don’t understand that other people may have different perspectives on the world
Explain Piaget’s “three-mountains test”
A child sits at a table before a model of 3 mountains, and a doll at the other end of the table. The children are then asked to choose a photo (different perspectives) that the bear would see. Most children have difficulty answering
What is Transductive Reasoning
reasoning that links one specific isolated event to another specific isolated event
Ex. a kid might argue that they should go to sleep because it is dark outside
Darkness outside and going to sleep are two separate events
Preoperational children show Animism and Artificialism in their attributions of causality, explain the two
Animism = thinking objects are alive (if you throw a doll cross a room, they may cry because they think the doll is hurt)
Artificialism = the belief that environmental features were made by people (eg. might think rain and thunder have been designed and made by people)
What is the “Law of Conservation”
The principle that properties of substances (weight, mass) stay the same even if their shape changes
(water in two different glasses example)
Preoperational children tend to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time, a characteristic of thought called ________.
Centration
Too demonstrate Class Inclusion, Piaget created a test, explain the test and why children usually fail
To demonstrate class inclusion, Piaget asked the children, “in a group that has 6 dogs and 4 cats, is there more dogs or animals?”
Kids usually stay more dogs, because they can’t think about the two subclasses and the larger class at the same time
