Chapter 7 pt.3

Question 1

How much sleep do toddlers need (National Sleep Foundation)

Answer 1

12-14 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period

Question 2

What happens if children don’t receive sufficient sleep

Answer 2

they may experience changes in behaviour, like her activity, aggression, crying, or misbehaviour

sometimes appetite, temperament, an learning abilities

Question 3

What are Nightmares and what are Sleep Terrors

Answer 3

Nightmares = dreams of disturbing and vivid content, that takes place during lighter-rapid-eye movement (rem) sleep.

Sleep terrors are extreme nightmares that take place during deep sleep (not rem sleep)

Question 4

What is another word for sleepwalking and when does it usually occur

Answer 4

somnambulism, occurs during deep sleep

Question 5

Most Canadian children are toilet trained between ages __ and ___ years

Answer 5

2 and 3 years

Question 6

What plays a role in the age when toilet training is initiated

Answer 6

race and socio-economic status plays a role
Caucasian parents do it later (25.4 months) compared to African and other racial groups (19.4 months)
Higher-income groups does it later

Question 7

What is Enuresis

Answer 7

failure to control the bladder once the normal age for achieving bladder control has been reached

Question 8

What is “Bed-wetting”

Answer 8

failure to control the bladder during the night

Question 9

When would a child be considered enuretic

Answer 9

if they are over the age of 5 and wet themselves more than twice a week

Question 10

Who is bed wetting more common within what is a common cause

Answer 10

more common among boys, and the cause is issues with the maturity of the bladder

Question 11

What are the chances of a kid bed-wetting if one of their parents also did it. And what are the chances of a kid bed-wetting when both their parents did it.

Answer 11

25% and 65%

Question 12

What is Encopresis

Answer 12

lack of control over the bowels (soiling)

Question 13

What are the causes of Encopresis?

Answer 13

Both physical causes (like chronic constipation) and psychological factors

Stress because of punishments is also a cause (moving bowels requires relaxation)

Question 14

What did Piaget say about children’s drawings

Answer 14

that children’s drawings are symbols of objects, people, and events in children’s lives.

Question 15

What is Symbolic Play and what does it require

Answer 15

Symbolic Play is the “lets pretend” type of play and requires cognitive sophistication

Question 16

according to Piaget, when does pretend play begin

Answer 16

in the second year, when the child begins to symbolize objects

Question 17

What percentage of preschoolers have imaginary friends and where is it most common

Answer 17

65%, more common among first-born and only children

Question 18

According to Piaget, during the preoperational stage of development, children are ____-_______ ________, and the consequence is ___________.

Answer 18

One-dimensional thinkers, and the consequence is Egocentrism

Question 19

In Piaget’s use of the term Egocentrism, what is it?

Answer 19

that preoperational children don’t understand that other people may have different perspectives on the world

Question 20

Explain Piaget’s “three-mountains test”

Answer 20

A child sits at a table before a model of 3 mountains, and a doll at the other end of the table. The children are then asked to choose a photo (different perspectives) that the bear would see. Most children have difficulty answering

Question 21

What is Transductive Reasoning

Answer 21

reasoning that links one specific isolated event to another specific isolated event

Ex. a kid might argue that they should go to sleep because it is dark outside
Darkness outside and going to sleep are two separate events

Question 22

Preoperational children show Animism and Artificialism in their attributions of causality, explain the two

Answer 22

Animism = thinking objects are alive (if you throw a doll cross a room, they may cry because they think the doll is hurt)

Artificialism = the belief that environmental features were made by people (eg. might think rain and thunder have been designed and made by people)

Question 23

What is the “Law of Conservation”

Answer 23

The principle that properties of substances (weight, mass) stay the same even if their shape changes

(water in two different glasses example)

Question 24

Preoperational children tend to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time, a characteristic of thought called ________.

Answer 24

Centration

Question 25

Too demonstrate Class Inclusion, Piaget created a test, explain the test and why children usually fail

Answer 25

To demonstrate class inclusion, Piaget asked the children, “in a group that has 6 dogs and 4 cats, is there more dogs or animals?”

Kids usually stay more dogs, because they can’t think about the two subclasses and the larger class at the same time