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General Psychology > Chapter 7 part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 part 1 Flashcards

encoding and storage

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1
Q

what is memory?

A

the retention of information or experiences over time

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2
Q

what is an easy definition of encoding?

A

writing it down

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3
Q

what is an easy definition of storage?

A

filing it away

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4
Q

what is an easy definition of retrieval?

A

bringing it back out

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5
Q

what is the first step in the memory process?

A

encoding

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6
Q

what is encoding?

A

the process of taking information in through your senses and translating it into a form that your brain can “write down” and store for later use

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7
Q

does encoding happen automatically or does it take effort?

A

sometimes encoding happens automatically and sometimes it takes effort

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8
Q

are encoding processes simple or complex?

A

they are pretty complex

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9
Q

what are the encoding processes?

A
  • selective attention
  • levels of processing
  • elaboration
  • mental imagery
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10
Q

what is selective attention?

A

focusing on a specific aspect of an experience while ignoring others

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11
Q

stimuli compete for ________

A

our attention

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12
Q

is selective attention constantly working?

A

yes, the only exception is when we are in a coma

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of selective attention?

A
  • we can only fully attend to one thing at a time
  • items compete for our attention (cocktail party effect)
  • inattention leads to encoding failure
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14
Q

what you are selectively attending to is _________________________

A

at the expense of everything else

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15
Q

what is an example of the cocktail party effect?

A

at a party sitting at a table with other people having a conversation with the woman across from me. the man next to me is having a conversation with someone else but I fully tune out his conversation until I hear my name and my attention is pulled away from the woman and I look at the person who said my name

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16
Q

what is levels of processing?

A

a continuum of memory processing ranging from shallow processing to deep processing

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17
Q

depending on the level at which you process ____________________________

A

you will encode different levels of information

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18
Q

what are the levels of processing?

A
  • shallow
  • intermediate
  • deep
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19
Q

what is shallow processing?

A

physical features are analyzed

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20
Q

what is intermediate processing?

A

recognition and labeling

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21
Q

what is deep processing?

A

meaningful characteristics

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22
Q

what is an example of shallow processing?

A

can tell you there were colors, a text, and an image on the billboard

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23
Q

what is an example of intermediate processing?

A

read the words on the billboard but didn’t take the time to understand what they mean (no comprehension)

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24
Q

what is an example of deep processing?

A

spend time looking at the information on the billboard and comprehend it and relate it to experiences in my life

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25
Q

what is elaboration?

A

the “web” of connections, associations, and relevant meanings given to a stimulus

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26
Q

when does elaboration happen?

A

happens when, in order to encode something, you spend time relating that thing to other things you already know

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27
Q

is it easier or harder to retrieve the information you elaborate on?

A

much easier

28
Q

what is mental imagery?

A

creating a mental “story” or scene around a stimuli that we would like to remember

29
Q

how does mental imagery help with encoding?

A

it is much easier to remember a definition / piece of information when you imagine it happening

30
Q

what is the dual-code hypothesis state?

A

memory is stored in two ways: verbal code and picture code. Mental images are remembered better because it contains both picture and verbal codes.

31
Q

what is an easy way to remember the dual-code hypothesis?

A

picture and words attached to a piece of information = encoded two ways = easier to remember

32
Q

what is the second step in the memory process?

A

memory storage

33
Q

what is memory storage?

A

how information is retained over time and represented in memory

34
Q

what is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory and how many stages are in it?

A

it is the most popular theory for memory storage and has three stages

35
Q

what are the stages of memory storage in the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory?

A
  • sensory memory
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
36
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

first step of memory storage process. holds information in your mind for a very brief period of time

37
Q

what are the types of sensory memory?

A

echoic sensory memory and iconic sensory memory

38
Q

what is echoic sensory memory?

A

auditory sensory memory that lasts up to several seconds

39
Q

what is iconic sensory memory?

A

visual sensory memory that lasts about a quarter of a second

40
Q

what type of sensory info can your brain hold without you paying attention?

A

auditory sensory info

41
Q

what is short-term memory?

A

limited capacity memory system which stores information for approximately 30 seconds without effort.

42
Q

what is another name for short-term memory?

A

working memory

43
Q

how can you keep information in short-term memory for longer?

A

by keeping your attention on that information = rehearsal

44
Q

what is the capacity of short-term memory?

A

we retain 7 +- 2 items of information in our short term memory

45
Q

what is chunking?

A

tricking your short-term memory into accepting more than 7 pieces of information by grouping information into meaningful units / chunks

46
Q

what is the duration of short-term memory without effort?

A

around 30 seconds

47
Q

what is the effect of rehearsal on short-term memory?

A

by rehearsing the information (keeping it in our mind) you can keep the information in your short-term memory longer

48
Q

what is the effect of distractors on short-term memory?

A

the distractor shifts our attention fully to something else, so what was in our short-term memory is lost and we forget it

49
Q

what is the last step in memory storage?

A

long-term memory

50
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

can store unlimited amounts of information for a long time

51
Q

what are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  • declarative or explicit memory
  • nondeclarative or implicit memory
52
Q

what is declarative or explicit memory

A

conscious memories for people, places, events, facts, dates, feelings, and explanations. basically, memory for who, what, where, when, and why

53
Q

what is episodic memory in declarative or explicit memory?

A

memory for events in your life. autobiographical memory

54
Q

what is semantic memory in declarative or explicit memory?

A

memory about the world. general common knowledge

55
Q

what is an example of episodic memory?

A

remember getting up and getting dressed this morning

56
Q

what is an example of semantic memory?

A

what year was the signing of the declaration of independence or what is the meaning of a word

57
Q

what is nondeclarative or implicit memory?

A

non-conscious memories for skills, procedures, subliminal information, and classically conditioned responses. memory for how

58
Q

what is an easy way to remember nondeclarative or implicit memory?

A

muscle memory

59
Q

what is an example of nondeclarative or implicit memory?

A

someone wants you to teach them how to ride a bike, but you can’t tell them which muscles to use, your body just knows how to do it

60
Q

are different areas of the brain responsible for declarative and nondeclarative memory?

A

yes

61
Q

what part of the brain is needed for declarative memories?

A

hippocampus

62
Q

what part of the brain is needed for nondeclarative memories?

A

cerebellum

63
Q

how do we know there are two types of long-term memory?

A

Henry M.
Clive Wearing

64
Q

what did Henry M. show?

A

he had damage to the hippocampus and couldn’t form new memories but could form new skills and nondeclarative memories. everyday he would wake up and think it was the day after the seizure stopping surgery where they removed his hippocampus

65
Q

what did Clive Wearing show?

A

he got encephalitis and it destroyed his hippocampus and some of his long-term memories. every few minutes, he feels like he’s coming out of a coma and doesn’t know what’s going on. he writes it down that he’s awake each time this happens

General Psychology (21 decks)

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