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General Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

similarity between psychology and philosophy

A

psychologists and philosophers ask the same questions

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2
Q

difference between psychology and philosophy

A

psychologists use science to answer their questions while philosophers use logic and reason to answer their questions

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3
Q

what is psychology?

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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4
Q

behaviors

A

things we can see people doing, overt (obvious) actions

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5
Q

mental processes

A

things we can’t see people doing: emotions and thoughts, they are covert (not obvious)

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6
Q

why are mental processes more difficult to study?

A

people can lie about their thoughts and emotions, or they don’t know what they feel

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7
Q

how can we study mental processes?

A

looking at behavior for insight to emotions (crying = sad)

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8
Q

how can a study of mental processes be faulty?

A

people can lie through their actions, ex: they are smiling but are not happy

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9
Q

what does it mean to be scientific?

A

using critical thinking / skepticism and the empirical approach

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10
Q

what is the empirical approach?

A

gathering data using your 5 senses and drawing conclusions using the data

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11
Q

what is an empirical question?

A

can be answered using the 5 senses (can be tested) ex: will a marker float in water?

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12
Q

what does it mean to be thinking critically?

A

being skeptical of other people’s claims ex: my gut is telling me this but is it true?

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13
Q

what is the empirical approach NOT?

A

opinions, logical arguments, personal experience, gut feelings

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14
Q

first person to call himself a psychologist and have a psychology lab

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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15
Q

a german philosopher in Leipzig

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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16
Q

psychi

A

mind

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17
Q

ology

A

study of

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18
Q

person who thought conscious reality was a bunch of sensations glued together

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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19
Q

Wilhelm Wundt’s movement of trying to understand the mind and structure of human consciousness

A

structuralism

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20
Q

structuralism

A

describing the mind by breaking thoughts down into their most basic ideas / elements

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21
Q

person who tried to reverse engineer the mind by looking at the sensations that form the thought “when you see an apple what senses do you feel”

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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22
Q

Wundt’s psychological methods

A

if a thought is made up of a lot of sensations, it is more complex, so a longer reaction time. shorter reaction time = less complex thought

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23
Q

cognitive load

A

how much thought something takes

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24
Q

systematic introspection

A

Wundt’s term for looking into the mind

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25
Q

what is wrong with systematic introspection?

A

it is not objective because Wundt is asking people for their opinion and subjective is not scientific

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26
Q

understanding the purpose of thoughts and behavior in an individual’s adaptation to the environment

A

functionalism

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27
Q

what idea did functionalism incorporate?

A

natural selection

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28
Q

a famous american philosopher that created the functionalism movement

A

William James

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29
Q

describing: what is the mind?

A

structuralism

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30
Q

explaining: what is the mind for?

A

functionalism

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31
Q

what did William James ask?

A

why do we have consciousness?

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32
Q

movement that took natural selection and applied it to psychology. emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that give us an advantage stick around

A

functionalism

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33
Q

movement that thought consciousness gave humans an advantage because it was passed down and humans could pass it down to future generations

A

functionalism

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34
Q

person who thought that humans being consciously aware must serve some kind of purpose

A

William James

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35
Q

person who started functionalism at the same time as Darwin published natural selection

A

William James

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36
Q

emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and the environments that determine those responses

A

behaviorism

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37
Q

quack psychologists

A

group of people that called themselves psychologists but weren’t and gave psychology a bad reputation

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38
Q

movement where psychology moved from studying the mind to studying behavior

A

behaviorism

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39
Q

person who gave psychology a good reputation by writing a paper saying that real psychologists to only use the empirical approach

A

John B. Watson

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40
Q

person who started the behaviorism movement

A

John B. Watson

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41
Q

person who believed in nurture, the environment creates a person, and didn’t care about their DNA

A

John B. Watson

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42
Q

done by John B. Watson

A

Little Albert Experiment

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43
Q

showed we associate things together and that shapes our behavior

A

Little Albert Experiment

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44
Q

how are fears created?

A

a person associates a bad experience with a current event ex: walking away from a dog when you’ve previously been bit by one

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45
Q

goals of psychology

A

to describe behavior, predict behavior, explain behavior, or to control / change behavior

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46
Q

who uses the control / change behavior goal of psychology?

A

psychiatrists and clinical psychologists

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47
Q

seven perspectives in psychology

A

biological approach, behavioral approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach, cognitive approach, evolutionary approach, sociocultural approach

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48
Q

behaviorism / study of learning

A

behavioral approach

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49
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud

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50
Q

counseling / person-centered approach

A

humanistic approach

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51
Q

thought processes approach

A

cognitive approach

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52
Q

modern-day functionalism approach

A

evolutionary approach

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53
Q

how social relationships / the culture you grew up in shape your behavior approach

A

sociocultural approach

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54
Q

human and animal behavior is seen as the direct result of events in the body; study behavior as some sort of biological process approach

A

biological approach

55
Q

measuring sweat on your skin when you tell a lie, studying brain areas involved when we recall a memory, investigating the brain’s activity while we sleep, the lie detector test

A

examples of the biological approach

56
Q

emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and the environments that determine those responses approach

A

behavioral approach

57
Q

approach started by John B. Watson

A

behavioral approach

58
Q

how we learn to act differently (change our behavior) when in a different environment

A

behavioral approach

59
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

3rd most well-known psychologist, had a very long career

60
Q

theory of operant learning

A

the idea that you can modify behavior using various rewards and punishments (training pigeons to play ping pong using treats)

61
Q

psychoanalysis

A

only the therapy part; the patient would talk about their problems and Freud used his theory to figure them out

62
Q

we process some things subconsciously and the things that are processed effect our behavior approach

A

psychodynamic approach

63
Q

thought mental problems were caused by unresolved subconscious desires (ex: you want to kill your mom, so there is a subconscious desire that is unresolved) approach

A

Sigmund Freud / psychodynamic approach

64
Q

dormitory effect

A

as we go through different stages of the menst. cycle, we smell different. we can’t consciously perceive it, but it does effect our behavior because everyone’s cycles in the dorm sync up

65
Q

carl rogers and abraham maslow

A

created the humanistic approach

66
Q

we all have a desire to become the best version of ourselves and that motivates our behavior approach

A

humanistic approach

67
Q

we have free will that allows us to move to become our best version, and if we feel stuck or there is an obstacle, we become depressed approach

A

humanistic approach

68
Q

studies how we think, remember, store, and use information from our environment using a vast array of mental processes approach

A

cognitive approach

69
Q

all about thinking NOT feeling approach

A

cognitive approach

70
Q

emphasizes the study of information processing, how memory works, how we form concepts approach

A

cognitive approach

71
Q

modern day functionalism approach

A

evolutionary approach

72
Q

focus on natural selection, adaptation, and the evolution of behavior approach

A

evolutionary approach

73
Q

emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes – specifically ethnicity, religion, occupation, and socioeconomic status as predictors of behavior approach

A

socio-cultural approach

74
Q

type: descriptive research

A

goal: to describe behavior

75
Q

type: correlational research

A

goal: to predict behavior

76
Q

type: experimental research

A

goal: to explain behavior

77
Q

three types of descriptive research

A

naturalistic observation, case studies, survey research

78
Q

asking (survey) drawback

A

less accurate: people can lie on it, or they don’t remember

79
Q

pro of asking as a way to collect data

A

less time consuming than watching, can get more responses in a shorter amount of time

80
Q

observe, collect, and record data

A

descriptive research

81
Q

pro of watching as a way to collect data

A

data is more accurate because they can’t lie to you

82
Q

drawback of watching as a way to collect data

A

more time consuming than asking

83
Q

watching organisms in their natural environment

A

naturalistic observation

84
Q

type of descriptive research that is often use to observe animals in the wild

A

naturalistic observation

85
Q

when doing naturalistic observation, what should you not do and why?

A

let the animal / group you are watching know they are being watched because it will change the way the animal / group behaves

86
Q

ways to prevent the subject you are watching from knowing you are observing them?

A

hiding (mostly used when observing in the wild), blend in with your surroundings (be another person in the background), group infiltration (you or someone else pretend to be part of the group you are observing)

87
Q

in depth study of a single subject or small group of subjects

A

case study

88
Q

problems with case studies

A

small sample size, no comparison group, hard to know if the subjects are behaving differently because of the condition or because people are all different

89
Q

form of polling to measure a wide variety of psychological behaviors and attitudes

A

survey research

90
Q

most used kind of research / way to get research

A

survey research

91
Q

asks about your behavior or your future behavior and is a critical step in correlative research

A

survey research

92
Q

advantages of survey research

A

can get a lot of data in a short amount of time, important to collect this data in order to describe behavior and to do correlational studies

93
Q

disadvantages of survey research

A

people may lie or not remember accurately, social-desirability response bias, people may not try on the questions (picking random answers)

94
Q

lying to make yourself seem more desirable (saying I work out everyday when I don’t work out at all)

A

social-desirability response bias

95
Q

observing or measuring two or more variables to find the relationship(s) between them

A

correlational research

96
Q

slightly more difficult than descriptive research

A

correlational research

97
Q

characteristics of a correlation

A

strength and direction

98
Q

strength of a correlation

A

the degree tow which two variables are related

99
Q

a strong correlation

A

does not have many exceptions –> happens most of the time

100
Q

a weak correlation

A

has many exceptions –> does not happen often

101
Q

positive correlation

A

the two variables go up and down together (ex: as A increases, B also increases)

102
Q

negative correlation

A

the two variables go in opposite directions from each other (ex: as A increases B decreases)

103
Q

statistical calculation that indicates the strength and the direction of the correlation

A

correlation coefficient (r)

104
Q

strong correlation

A

correlation coefficient is close to +1 or -1

105
Q

weak correlation

A

correlation coefficient is close to zero but greater than 0.19

106
Q

no correlation

A

correlation coefficient is almost zero or zero

107
Q

correlation does NOT necessarily equal causation

A

true

108
Q

a is correlated with b
a is related to b
when a is high (or low) b is more likely

A

with a correlation you can claim

109
Q

a is causing b (could be a 3rd var causing both)
b is causing a (could be a 3rd var)
an increase or decrease in a causes an increase in b

A

with a correlation you can NOT claim

110
Q

experimenter manipulates the variable of interest, while holding all other factors constant

A

experimental research

111
Q

research that explains behavior

A

experimental research

112
Q

can determine CASUAL relationships

A

experimental research

113
Q

experimental research is different than descriptive and correlational research because…

A

the experimenter manipulates / does something to the subjects (does more than observing)

114
Q

is the experimenter more active in experimental research or correlational research

A

experimental research

115
Q

who determines what happens to the subjects in experimental research

A

the experimenter

116
Q

type of research that asks a causational question ex: does sugar cause hyperactivity in children?

A

experimental research

117
Q

specific definition used for the purpose of the present experiment

A

operational definitions

118
Q

independent variable in experimental research

A

the “thing” you manipulate (changes from group to group)

119
Q

dependent variable in experimental research

A

the “thing” you measure (the outcome that is measured)

120
Q

experimental group

A

gets the treatment

121
Q

control group

A

gets no treatment / the traditional

122
Q

every experiment must have at least how many groups or trials

A

two

123
Q

problems that may arise in a poorly-designed experiment

A

experimental hazards

124
Q

the groups in an experiment are not equivalent before the study begins (ex: does exercise affect weight loss? control group is already at ideal weight and experimental group is overweight)

A

sample bias / selection bias

125
Q

how do we minimize sample bias / selection bias

A

random assignment

126
Q

the expectancies of the participant influence the results of the study (ex: the placebo effect)

A

participant bias

127
Q

how do we minimize participant bias

A

single-blind experiments

128
Q

subjects have a certain expectation so they don’t act naturally and act how they think the experimenter wants them to act

A

participant bias

129
Q

a researcher’s expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results

A

experimenter bias

130
Q

how do we minimize experimenter bias

A

double blind experiments

131
Q

single blind study

A

the subjects do not know what group they are in but the researchers do

132
Q

double blind study

A

both the subjects and the researchers don’t know which group the subjects are in

133
Q

hallmark of a good study

A

it is a double blind study

General Psychology (21 decks)

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