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General Psychology > Chapter 6 part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 part 2 Flashcards

operant conditioning

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1
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

a learning process in which a behavior becomes associated with a consequence. as a result of this association, the consequence influences the probability of that behavior occurring again in the future

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2
Q

who is Edward L. Thorndike and what did he do?

A

scientist that first demonstrated the power of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

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3
Q

can the consequence of a behavior be good or bad?

A

yes

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4
Q

what consequence do you give if you want someone to do a behavior more?

A

reward the behavior

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5
Q

what consequence do you give if you want someone to do a behavior less?

A

punishment after the behavior

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6
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. if a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

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7
Q

who did the cat in the box experiment?

A

Thorndike

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8
Q

what happened during the cat in the box experiment?

A

the first time the cat goes in the box, the cat meows and scratches, but those behaviors don’t lead to escape. by accident, the cat steps on the lever and gets out to eat the food. Thorndike stops the timer and repeats the experiment again and again. After the 10th-ish time, the cat goes right over to the lever and steps on it because stepping on the lever was the only behavior that led to a reward

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9
Q

who is B.F. Skinner and what did he do?

A

extremely influential scientist associated with further defining operant conditioning and using it to modify and control behavior

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10
Q

was B.F. Skinner a behaviorist and believed free will is nonexistent?

A

yes

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11
Q

what is behaviorism?

A

behavior changes through rewards and punishments. can only know what is directly observable. no speculation about what is going on in “the mind”

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12
Q

what is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

the response if followed by a pleasant consequence

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13
Q

what is the result of reinforcement?

A

the response is more likely to occur (increase in the amount of time spent doing that behavior)

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14
Q

what is punishment in operant conditioning?

A

the response is followed by an unpleasant consequence

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15
Q

what is the result of punishment?

A

the response is less likely to occur (decrease in amount of time spent doing behavior)

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16
Q

what are the two ways to reinforce behavior?

A

positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

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17
Q

what is “positive” in operant conditioning?

A

presence of –> getting something

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18
Q

what is “negative” in operant conditioning?

A

absence of –> taking something away
OR doing a behavior to prevent / avoid something bad

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19
Q

what is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

get an A on a test by studying hard and parents get you a gift card, now you are more likely to study hard

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20
Q

what is an example of negative reinforcement? (removal)

A

took me to the airport –> I offer to do the dishes for you all week (taking away the burden of doing dishes) now that person is more likely to take me to the airport

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21
Q

what is an example of negative reinforcement? (avoid)

A

going to class to remove the possibility of failing

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22
Q

negative reinforcement =

A

avoidance / escape

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23
Q

what are the two ways to punish behavior?

A

get something bad or remove something good

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24
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

punishing behavior by giving the person something bad

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25
Q

what is an example of positive punishment?

A

the cat scratches the blinds and you squirt them with water (they don’t like water, so you are giving them something they don’t like), now the cat is less likely to scratch the blinds

26
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

punishing behavior by removing something good

27
Q

what is an example of negative punishment?

A

a kid is bickering with their sibling so you put them in timeout (taking away free will), now the kid is less likely to bicker with their sibling

28
Q

what type is this? touch the filing cabinet –> get a shock

A

positive punishment

29
Q

what type is this? open umbrella –> don’t get wet

A

negative reinforcement

30
Q

what type is this? come home after curfew –>no TV for a week

A

negative punishment

31
Q

what type is this dog sits on command –> gets a treat

A

positive reinforcement

32
Q

how do you reward a behavior that never occurs?

A

shaping

33
Q

what is shaping?

A

rewarding successive approximation of the goal behavior until the goal behavior has been mastered

34
Q

with shaping, after learning the 2nd, more difficult task, do you reward for the easier, 1st task?

A

no, you never reward for the 1st task again

35
Q

what are the reinforcement schedules?

A

continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement

36
Q

what is continuous reinforcement?

A

reinforcement occurs after every target response

37
Q

what is partial reinforcement?

A

sometimes the target response is reinforced, and sometimes it is not reinforced

38
Q

what are the partial reinforcement schedules?

A

fixed ratio (FR)
fixed interval (FI)
variable ratio (VR)
variable interval (VI)

39
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

there is a set number of times that you must make the response before you are reinforced

40
Q

what is an example of a fixed ratio schedule?

A

you know exactly what to do to get reinforcement, you have to buy 6 cups of coffee to get the 7th free. how long it takes is up to you

41
Q

what is a fixed interval schedule?

A

there is a set interval of time that must pass before you can make the response and get reinforced

42
Q

what is an example of a fixed interval schedule?

A

you work 10 hours a week, but get paid at the end of 2 weeks. It doesn’t matter if you work 1day or 5 days a week, you still have to wait the 2 weeks for the paycheck

43
Q

what is variable ratio schedule?

A

the number of time that you must make the response before you are reinforced varies from trial to trial

44
Q

what is an example of a variable ratio schedule?

A

slot machines: don’t know how many times you have to play before you are rewarded with a win

45
Q

what is variable interval schedule?

A

the amount of time that must pass before you get reinforced varies from trial to trial

46
Q

what is an example of a variable interval schedule?

A

pop quiz: don’t know how much time has to pass before you get another one

47
Q

do different schedules result in different patterns of behavior?

A

yes

48
Q

what behavior results from the fixed ratio schedule?

A

bursts of doing the behavior and bursts of doing nothing: they do exactly what they have to to get the reward and then stop

49
Q

what behavior results from the fixed interval schedule?

A

do nothing, then as it gets close to time to be rewarded, they start to do the behavior more and more until the reward

50
Q

what behavior results from both of the variable schedules?

A

constantly doing the behavior to check if they are rewarded

51
Q

what is observational learning?

A

acquiring knowledge, skills, rules, beliefs, and attitudes by watching others

52
Q

what are other words for observational learning?

A

modeling, social learning, imitation

53
Q

what are the characteristics of observational learning?

A
  • eliminates trial and error learning
  • takes less time than operant conditioning
  • involves four main processes
54
Q

what are the four main processes in observational learning?

A
  • attention
  • retention
  • motor reproduction
  • reinforcement / motivation
55
Q

what separates observational learning from imitation?

A

reinforcement / motivation

56
Q

what is attention in observational learning?

A

being able to pay attention long enough to watch and learn what you want to copy

57
Q

what is retention in observational learning?

A

being able to remember the information you watched long enough to copy it

58
Q

what is motor reproduction in observational learning?

A

being able to do the movements

59
Q

what is reinforcement / motivation in observational learning?

A

doing this behavior because you have a reason to do it

60
Q

what did Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment ask?

A

does watching aggressive behavior on TV cause a person to act more or less aggressively?

61
Q

what did the results of the Bobo Doll experiment show?

A

people who watched aggressive TV were more prone to aggressive behavior

62
Q

what was an impact of the Bobo Doll experiment?

A

it was a main factor in why we have ratings on TV shows and movies

General Psychology (23 decks)

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