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General Psychology > Chapter 13 part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 part 1 Flashcards

abnormality and anxiety disorders

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1
Q

what are the four characteristics of abnormality?

A

statistically rare
deviance from social norms
personal distress
interference with normal functioning

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2
Q

if you do a behavior that is statistically rare or deviates from social norms __________

A

it doesn’t mean you have a mental illness

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3
Q

what are two important things psychologists look for when trying to diagnose a patient?

A

if the behaviors / emotions cause you distress or they make you unable to function normally

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4
Q

what is abnormality?

A

any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or interferes with their ability to function in daily life

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5
Q

what is comorbidity?

A

when two psychological disorders exist together frequently (anxiety and depression)

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6
Q

what is the most prevalent / common psychological disorder?

A

depression

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7
Q

what is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)?

A

a book containing each known disorder, a description, symptoms, checklist of criteria, and other relevant facts

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8
Q

is the DSM-V flawed?

A

yes, because it is written by humans, but it is revised very often

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9
Q

what are models of abnormality?

A

approach to studying abnormal behavior

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10
Q

what are examples of models of abnormality?

A

biological models
psychological models

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11
Q

do psychologists agree on the underlying causes of mental illnesses?

A

no

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12
Q

what is the definition of biological models of abnormality?

A

psychological disorders have a biological cause.

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13
Q

what is another name for the biological model?

A

medical model

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14
Q

what do psychologists that adopt a biological model view mental illnesses as?

A

they are a disease that may be caused by something biological (genetics, brain chemistry) and can be treated with medicine

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15
Q

what are the four psychological models of abnormality?

A

psychoanalysis
behaviorism
cognitive perspective
combination approaches

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16
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

behavioral abnormality is the result of repressing undesirable thoughts, memories, and concerns

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17
Q

which model of abnormality did Freud adopt and how did he use it?

A

he adopted psychoanalysis and called it therapy. he would have patients relax and talk to him to see if he could pick out why they were behaving abnormally

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18
Q

why do many psychologists today not use psychoanalysis?

A

it has many theories, but no testable theories

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19
Q

there is evidence that our brain processes things at a ________________________

A

subconscious level and those things effect us

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20
Q

what did Freud think about our subconscious and abnormal behavior?

A

Freud thought we have a piece of us in our subconscious that wants what it wants, and it wants it now, even if society says it’s bad. Freud thought the conflict between our subconscious desires and society’s rules happens subconsciously and, when some of that conflict bubbles to the surface, we get abnormal behavior

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21
Q

what is behaviorism?

A

abnormal behaviors are learned through a series of rewards and punishments

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22
Q

how are abnormal behaviors learned through rewards and punishments?

A

maybe you learned as a child that if you acted a certain way you wouldn’t be punished. at the time, this way very adaptive. later in life, you struggle to have relationships with others because of that learned behavior

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23
Q

what is the cognitive perspective?

A

abnormal behavior results from illogical thinking patterns

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24
Q

what is the definition of anxiety disorders?

A

unrealistic or excessive anxiety. sometimes can be tied to something specific (fear) but other times it cannot (free-floating anxiety)

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25
Q

what is fear anxiety?

A

you have anxiety when you see (or other 4 senses) something you fear

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26
Q

what is free-floating anxiety?

A

the anxiety is always there or comes in waves and our brain tries to find something to be anxious about so it can explain why we have the anxiety

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27
Q

what is the main symptom of anxiety disorders?

A

excessive anxiety

28
Q

what are the types of anxiety disorders? (learned about 5)

A

phobias
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

29
Q

what are phobias?

A

irrational fear that causes undue personal distress and/or interferes with normal functioning

30
Q

what are social phobias?

A

fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation

31
Q

what are specific phobias?

A

fear of something in particular (like spiders)

32
Q

what is the most common social phobia?

A

public speaking

33
Q

what are the components of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

obsessions and compulsions

34
Q

what are obsessions?

A

intruding thoughts that occur again and again

35
Q

what are compulsions?

A

ritualistic behavior that reduces anxiety

36
Q

what do the compulsions take the form of?

A

cleaning, checking, and counting

37
Q

does everyone have a little bit of OCD?

A

yes

38
Q

how does OCD work?

A

an intrusive thought (obsession) occurs that causes anxiety and a behavior is done to reduce that anxiety (compulsion)

39
Q

what is panic disorder?

A

sudden onset of extreme panic: impending sense of doom (panic attack)

40
Q

there are times we think in a spiraling way, but people with anxiety disorders ______________

A

think this way more frequently and severely

41
Q

what are the symptoms of panic disorder? (5)

A

racing heart rate
rapid breathing
out of body experience
sweating
dry mouth

42
Q

lots of different things can cause panic attacks, but someone with panic disorder has them _______________

A

frequently and they are unpredictable

43
Q

what is generalized-anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least six months that interferes with normal functioning and causes personal distress

44
Q

what does GAD often lead to?

A

depression and other disorders, and interferes with happiness, relationships, and sleep

45
Q

people with GAD worry ________________

A

all the time, the amount of anxiety they have is too much for the amount of stress they are dealing with

46
Q

what is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, abuse, or disaster

47
Q

we have known PTSD existed for a long time, _______________

A

we just had different names for it

48
Q

what was PTSD called during WWI?

A

shell shock

49
Q

what was PTSD called during WWII?

A

combat fatigue

50
Q

what was PTSD called during Vietnam?

A

PTSD

51
Q

for a long time, psychologists thought only ________ could have PTSD.

A

soldiers

52
Q

how long does it take to develop PTSD?

A

3-6 months

53
Q

what are the characteristics of PTSD (7 of them)?

A

flashbacks
emotionally avoidant
desensitization
exaggerated startle response
difficulty concentrating
apprehensive and nervous
impulsive outbursts (sometimes aggressive)

54
Q

what is emotionally avoidant?

A

the person suffering from PTSD doesn’t want to talk about the event and their feelings, so they avoid anything that brings up emotions, and they suppress them

55
Q

what is desensitization?

A

when exposed to a horrific event, they don’t outwardly look as sensitive to it, but their anxiety still goes up (on the outside they look fine, but their body still experiences the same reaction inside as everybody else)

56
Q

what is apprehensive and nervous?

A

they are in a state of high alert all the time

57
Q

what are impulsive outbursts?

A

the person is always on edge, and something pushes them over the edge and they snap and feel guilty afterward

58
Q

not everyone develops PTSD after a traumatic event. why is that?

A

some people may have a biological predisposition to develop PTSD after trauma

59
Q

what causes anxiety disorders?

A

there are probably many causes of anxiety disorders. psychologists approach anxiety disorders using the model of their choice

60
Q

what is a psychoanalytic approach to anxiety disorders?

A

anxiety disorders are the result of repressed feelings and thoughts

61
Q

what is a behavioral approach to anxiety disorders?

A

anxiety disorders are learned over time

62
Q

what is a cognitive approach to anxiety disorders?

A

anxiety disorders are the result of illogical, irrational thinking patterns

63
Q

what are the distorted perceptions of reality psychologists look for when using the cognitive approach to diagnose someone with an anxiety disorder?

A

magnification
all-or-nothing thinking
overgeneralization
minimization

64
Q

what is magnification?

A

exaggeration of events, ideas, feelings

65
Q

what is all-or-nothing thinking?

A

must be perfect or it’s completely ruined

66
Q

what is overgeneralization?

A

a single, negative event is interpreted as a pattern

67
Q

what is minimization?

A

only look at the bad, minimizing the positive

General Psychology (23 decks)

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