Chapter 3 part 1

Question 1

human development

Answer 1

pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the lifespan

Question 2

temperment

Answer 2

your own personal way of dealing with change, consistent throughout life

Question 3

example of continuity

Answer 3

temperment

Question 4

issues in developmental psychology

Answer 4

nature vs. nurture, change vs stability, stages vs continuity

Question 5

nature vs nurture

Answer 5

how much do inherited traits and environmental factors influence our development?

Question 6

nature

Answer 6

DNA & blueprint created from your parents (brain chemistry, inherited material

Question 7

nurture

Answer 7

how you were raised and treated growing up

Question 8

most of human behavior is dictated by ______

Answer 8

both nature and nurture

Question 9

change vs stability

Answer 9

do our personal characteristics change or remain stable as we age?

Question 10

change examples

Answer 10

maturity, impulsivity

Question 11

stability examples

Answer 11

temperament (easy, difficult, and slow to warm babies)

Question 12

stages vs continuity

Answer 12

do we see behavior change in discrete, sudden shifts of does it change slowly along a gradual continuum as we develop?

Question 13

cross-sectional designs

Answer 13

several different age groups are studied at one time point

Question 14

benefits of cross-sectional designs

Answer 14

easier, takes less time, cheaper

Question 15

which design do psychologists do more often?

Answer 15

cross-sectional because it is easier

Question 16

longitudinal designs

Answer 16

one group of participants are studied over a long period of time

Question 17

benefit of longitudinal designs

Answer 17

better because you are following the same people and comparing those people to themselves, no cohort affect, more powerful

Question 18

cross sectional design example

Answer 18

group 1: 5 yrs old
group 2: 10 yrs old
group 3: 15 yrs old

different children in each group, all groups tested in 2012

Question 19

longitudinal design example

Answer 19

test 1 in 2012: 5 yrs old
test 2 in 2017: 10 yrs old
test 3 in 2022: 15 yrs old

same participants at each test, entire study spans 10 years

Question 20

disadvantages of cross-sectional studies

Answer 20

less powerful, cohort effects

Question 21

disadvantages of longitudinal studies

Answer 21

time and money, attrition

Question 22

cohort effect

Answer 22

certain generations were exposed to things that only those people are in tune with ex: young people and old people do a memory test on the computer and old people do worse. could be because they’re old or because they didn’t grow up using a computer like young people did

Question 23

attrition

Answer 23

when people drop out or you can’t find them, leads to incomplete data on them

Question 24

three areas of study in development

Answer 24

physical development, cognitive development, socio-emotional development

Question 25

prenatal development

Answer 25

development of infant beginning with conception and ending with birth

Question 26

three stages of prenatal development

Answer 26

zygotic period, embryotic period, fetal period

Question 27

zygotic period time frame

Answer 27

first two weeks after conception

Question 28

what happens during the zygotic period?

Answer 28

massive cell division until ball of cells

Question 29

when is the zygotic period over?

Answer 29

if the conditions are perfect in the uterus, the zygote will implant into the uterine wall

Question 30

embryonic period time frame

Answer 30

weeks 2-8 after conception

Question 31

what happens during the embryonic period?

Answer 31

two main goals
1) make placenta to provide nutrients to cells
2) differentiate cells to make body parts

Question 32

fetal period time frame

Answer 32

end of month 2-9 months after conception

Question 33

what happens during the fetal period?

Answer 33

massive physical growth (baby gets larger & placenta provides more nutrients)

Question 34

when does the fetal period end?

Answer 34

at full-term (36-40 weeks) at birth

Question 35

teratogens

Answer 35

any agent that can cause a birth defect during prenatal development

Question 36

what happens if the mother is exposed to a teratogen during a critical period?

Answer 36

major birth defect

Question 37

what happens if the mother is exposed to a teratogen during a non-critical period?

Answer 37

minor birth defect

Question 38

critical periods

Answer 38

time when developing organs are most susceptible to birth defects

Question 39

when is the most critical critical period?

Answer 39

entirety of embryotic period

Question 40

what happens if a mother is exposed to a teratogen during the embryotic period?

Answer 40

could skew the development of organs and other body parts

Question 41

what happens if the mother gets rubella (zika virus)?

Answer 41

it can cause major birth defects

Question 42

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (fasd)

Answer 42

a cluster of problems that appear in the children of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

Question 43

what does FASD cause?

Answer 43

physical and mental abnormalities

Question 44

does the placenta filter out alcohol?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

what happens in a mild case of FASD?

Answer 45

mental: difficulties in school (especially math) and with money
physical: eyes father apart and ears lower on the head

Question 46

what happens in a severe case of FASD?

Answer 46

mental: nonverbal, severe cognitive impairment
physical: cleft palette, motor disabilities