Chapter 6: Protein

Question 1

Acid-Base Balance

Answer 1

The process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and alkaline molecules.

Question 2

Cell Signaling

Answer 2

Process of communication between cells by biological messengers to govern cellular function.

Question 3

Organic Molecules

Answer 3

Chemical structures containing only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen.

Question 4

Amino Acids

Answer 4

The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

Question 5

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 5

Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.

Question 6

Branched Chain Amino Acids

Answer 6

The three essential amino acids of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure.

Question 7

Nonessential Amino Acids

Answer 7

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.

Question 8

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

Answer 8

Amino acids that are not typically essential, but can become essential during times of extreme dietary insufficiency, illness, or trauma.

Question 9

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 9

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

Question 10

The Elements in Protein

Answer 10

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 11

Protein Synthesis

Answer 11

Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.

Question 12

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 12

The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group (-OH) from another molecule, and then binding the two larger molecules together on the newly freed bonds.

Question 13

Peptide Bond

Answer 13

The bond between 2 amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of the other.

Question 14

Hydrolysis

Answer 14

Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively.

Question 15

Dipeptide

Answer 15

A chain of 2 amino acids.

Question 16

Tripeptide

Answer 16

A chain of 3 amino acids.

Question 17

Oligopeptide

Answer 17

A chain of 4 to 9 amino acids.

Question 18

Polypeptide

Answer 18

A chain of 10 or more amino acids.

Question 19

Catabolic

Answer 19

Breaking down compounds

Question 20

Anabolic

Answer 20

Building up compounds

Question 21

Denaturation

Answer 21

The process of changing a proteins shape.

Question 22

Gastrin

Answer 22

A hormone released when food is ingested to stimulate release of digestive fluids.

Question 23

Pepsinogen

Answer 23

A proenzyme secreted by the stomach as a precursor to pepsin.

Question 24

Pepsin

Answer 24

An enzyme in the stomach that begins breaking peptide bonds.

Question 25

Duodenem

Answer 25

It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs, and it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.

Question 26

Secretin

Answer 26

A hormone that stimulates the liver and pancreas to produce bile and bicarbonate; inhibits gastrin release.

Question 27

Cholecystokinin

Answer 27

A hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes release of enzymes and bile.

Question 28

Protease Enzymes

Answer 28

Enzymes in the small intestine that break long peptide chains into shorter peptide chains.

Question 29

Peptidase

Answer 29

An enzyme that breaks down small peptides.

Question 30

Aminopeptidases

Answer 30

Enzymes that cleave individual amino acids from a peptide chain so they may be absorbed.

Question 31

Hepatic Portal Vein

Answer 31

The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver.

Question 32

The first stage of protein breakdown

Answer 32

Denaturation

Question 33

Collagen

Answer 33

A protein formed of a triple helix structure with great tensile strength; found primarily in skin, muscles/connective tissue, and bones.

Question 34

Tensile Strength

Answer 34

Ability of a material to resist breaking under tension.

Question 35

Elastin

Answer 35

A protein with high elasticity, found mainly in the skin.

Question 36

Keratin

Answer 36

A protein found in hair and nails.

Question 37

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 37

A protein found on the cell membrane that transports sodium and potassium to create electrochemical gradients across the membrane.

Question 38

Albumin

Answer 38

A protein found in the blood stream that helps draw water into the blood vessel from surrounding tissue.

Question 39

Hemoglobin

Answer 39

An iron-containing protein found on red blood cells; binds oxygen and other molecules for transport in the blood.

Question 40

pH Balance

Answer 40

The body’s acid-base balance

Question 41

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Answer 41

Amount of nutrient needed to meet the needs of almost all individuals in an age-sex group.

Question 42

Protein Needs for Average Person not very physically active

Answer 42

0.8 - 1.2 g/kg of body weight

Question 43

Protein Needs for Light to Moderate active Person doing cardiovascular training

Answer 43

1.2 - 1.6 g/kg of body weight

Question 44

Protein Needs for Light to Moderate active Person doing resistance training

Answer 44

1.5 - 2.0 g/kg of body weight

Question 45

Protein Needs for moderate to vigorous active Person doing cardiovascular training

Answer 45

1.5 - 2.0 g/kg of body weight

Question 46

Protein Needs for moderate to vigorous active Person doing resistance training

Answer 46

1.7 - 2.2 g/kg of body weight

Question 47

Protein Quality

Answer 47

The quantity of essential amino acids found in, and the digestibility of, a protein.

Question 48

Complete Protein

Answer 48

A protein that contains suficient quantities of all essential amino acids.

Question 49

Complementary Protein

Answer 49

Two incomplete proteins that, when comsumed together, mimic a complete protein by providing all essential amino acids.