Chapter 5: Energy Balance and Influences

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism that provide energy.

Question 2

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 2

The energy currency of life.

Question 3

Total Daily Expenditure

Answer 3

The estimated calorie needs per day, by age, sex, and physical activity level.

Question 4

First law of Thermodynamics

Answer 4

All energy taken into the body is accounted for; it is either utilized directly, stored, or transformed to kinetic energy or heat.

Question 5

Thermodynamics

Answer 5

The relationship between heat and energy (mechanical, electrical, or chemical) and how these are converted into one another.

Question 6

Calories In

Answer 6

We get this through food and beverages

Question 7

Calories Out

Answer 7

We do this through bodily functions and physical activity

Question 8

Energy

Answer 8

The ability to do work.

Question 9

Metabolism

Answer 9

Chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy.

Question 10

Resting Metabolic Rate

Answer 10

The total number of calories burned when the body is completely at rest.

Question 11

Thermic Effect of Food

Answer 11

The increase in energy expenditure after consuming a meal.

Question 12

Thermic Effect of Activity

Answer 12

Energy expenditure due to physical work, muscular activity, as well as planned and structured exercise.

Question 13

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis

Answer 13

The energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating, or exercising.

Question 14

Metabolic Equivalent

Answer 14

1 MET is often used to describe RMR and energy expenditure. 1 Metabolic Equivalent (MET) = 3.5 ml O2 / Kg / min. METs can be used to prescribe exercise training intensities.

Question 15

Light Intensity Activity METs

Answer 15

< 3

Question 16

Moderate Intensity Activity METs

Answer 16

3 - 6

Question 17

Vigorous Intensity Activity METs

Answer 17

> 6

Question 18

Hormones

Answer 18

The chemical messengers helping the different parts of your body communicate with each other.

Question 19

Lipogenesis

Answer 19

The biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides.

Question 20

Lipolysis

Answer 20

The biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 21

Glycogenolysis

Answer 21

The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.

Question 22

Thyroid Hormone

Answer 22

Regulate metabolism and also control essential steps involved in growth and development

Question 23

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

Question 24

Cortisol

Answer 24

Produced by the adrenal glands and is released in response to stress.

Question 25

Testosterone

Answer 25

This hormone plays a key role in carb, fat, and protein metabolism.

Question 26

Leptin

Answer 26

A hormone produced by adipose cells that decreases appetite when released. Leptin sends a signal to the brain signaling that enough food has been consumed and appetite should be inhibited.

Question 27

Ghrelin

Answer 27

Ghrelin has the opposite effect of leptin, and thus is referred to as the ‘hunger hormone’ because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage.

Question 28

CCK

Answer 28

A hormone released in the gastrointestinal system and is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.

Question 29

NPY

Answer 29

A neuropeptide hormone linked to the autonomic nervous system.

Question 30

Insulin

Answer 30

A hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when blood glucose levels are high, promoting the uptake of glucose for fuel or storage as glycogen.

Question 31

Glucagon

Answer 31

A hormone that is released when blood sugars decrease below a certain threshold.

Question 32

Emotional Eating

Answer 32

Using food to make yourself feel better.

Question 33

Food Processing

Answer 33

Any procedure that alters food from its natural state, such as freezing, drying, milling, canning, mixing, or adding salt, sugar, fat, or additives.

Question 34

The time for the ATP-PC system to be the main contributor

Answer 34

15 seconds

Question 35

The time for the Glycolytic system to be the main contributor

Answer 35

60 seconds

Question 36

The time for the Oxidative system to be the main contributor

Answer 36

180 seconds

Question 37

The compound used by the ATP-PC system

Answer 37

Phosphocreatine

Question 38

Glycolysis

Answer 38

The first step of carbohydrate metabolism, an anaerobic pathway, that breaks glucose or glycogen down to pyruvate.

Question 39

The end product of Glycolysis

Answer 39

Pyruvate

Question 40

Aerobic

Answer 40

With oxygen

Question 41

Anaerobic

Answer 41

Without Oxygen

Question 42

The most utilized energy system

Answer 42

Aerobic Energy System

Question 43

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

Answer 43

The ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide produced in metabolism and oxygen used.

Question 44

RER when fat is the main fuel

Answer 44

0.7

Question 45

RER when carbohydrates are the main fuel

Answer 45

1.0

Question 46

RER when the fuel source is mixed

Answer 46

0.8