Chapter 21: Navigating Diets

Question 1

Calorie Deficit

Answer 1

Where energy expenditure exceeds energy intake.

Question 2

Macronutrients

Answer 2

Nutrients required in large quantities, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Question 3

Randomized Control Trial

Answer 3

A type of scientific study/trial where participants are randomly assigned into di erent groups; one or more will be the intervention to be tested, and one will be the “control” group. Groups are randomized and a control used in an attempt to reduce potential bias in the trial.

Question 4

Metabolic Ward Study

Answer 4

A study where participants are kept in a ward where they can be closely monitored at all times. This allows for precise measurements of metrics like energy expenditure or precise recording of food intake.

Question 5

Hyperpalatable

Answer 5

Foods that are ultra-processed and made to be highly appealing to our senses.

Question 6

Anaerobic System

Answer 6

This describes energy production systems/pathways in the body in which oxygen is not present. Activity that leads to energy production via the anaerobic system will cause an accumulation in hydrogen ions and lactic acid.

Question 7

Ketosis

Answer 7

A metabolic state where the liver is producing ketones (or ketone bodies) from fatty acids.

Question 8

Ghrelin

Answer 8

A hormone that stimulates appetite and creates a drive for food intake.

Question 9

Thermic Effect of Feeding

Answer 9

The amount of energy (calories) expended to digest and metabolize food.

Question 10

Pulses

Answer 10

The edible seeds of plants from the legume family that include dry beans, dry peas, cow peas, pigeon peas, lupins, lentils, fava beans, and chickpeas.

Question 11

Vegan

Answer 11

No animal products at all

Question 12

Lacto Vegetarian

Answer 12

No animal products except for dairy

Question 13

Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian

Answer 13

No animal products besides dairy and eggs

Question 14

Pescatarian

Answer 14

Dairy, eggs, and fish are ok

Question 15

Flexitarian

Answer 15

Mainly Vegetarian with the occasional inclusion of fish and meats

Question 16

Anabolic Response

Answer 16

Where there is net positive protein balance. There is a net building of protein.

Question 17

Western Diet

Answer 17

The Western Diet (sometimes called the Standard American Diet) refers to a dietary pattern consisting of high intakes of processed foods, pre-packaged foods, fried foods, high-sugar drinks, and foods high in both refined carbohydrate and fat.

Question 18

Energy Dense

Answer 18

Containing a high amount of calories relative to the volume or weight of the food.

Question 19

Gluten

Answer 19

Gluten is the term used to describe a collection of proteins found in grains. In wheat, gluten covers two related proteins: gliadin and glutenin.

Question 20

Celiac Disease

Answer 20

An autoimmune disorder where the protein gluten causes the body to mount an immune response, which leads to damage to the small intestine.

Question 21

Non-Celiac Guten Sensitivity

Answer 21

A clinical condition induced by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the gluten-containing foodstuff is removed from the diet, and celiac disease and wheat allergy have been excluded.