Chapter 21: Navigating Diets Flashcards
Calorie Deficit
Where energy expenditure exceeds energy intake.
Macronutrients
Nutrients required in large quantities, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Randomized Control Trial
A type of scientific study/trial where participants are randomly assigned into di erent groups; one or more will be the intervention to be tested, and one will be the “control” group. Groups are randomized and a control used in an attempt to reduce potential bias in the trial.
Metabolic Ward Study
A study where participants are kept in a ward where they can be closely monitored at all times. This allows for precise measurements of metrics like energy expenditure or precise recording of food intake.
Hyperpalatable
Foods that are ultra-processed and made to be highly appealing to our senses.
Anaerobic System
This describes energy production systems/pathways in the body in which oxygen is not present. Activity that leads to energy production via the anaerobic system will cause an accumulation in hydrogen ions and lactic acid.
Ketosis
A metabolic state where the liver is producing ketones (or ketone bodies) from fatty acids.
Ghrelin
A hormone that stimulates appetite and creates a drive for food intake.
Thermic Effect of Feeding
The amount of energy (calories) expended to digest and metabolize food.
Pulses
The edible seeds of plants from the legume family that include dry beans, dry peas, cow peas, pigeon peas, lupins, lentils, fava beans, and chickpeas.
Vegan
No animal products at all
Lacto Vegetarian
No animal products except for dairy
Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian
No animal products besides dairy and eggs
Pescatarian
Dairy, eggs, and fish are ok
Flexitarian
Mainly Vegetarian with the occasional inclusion of fish and meats
Anabolic Response
Where there is net positive protein balance. There is a net building of protein.
Western Diet
The Western Diet (sometimes called the Standard American Diet) refers to a dietary pattern consisting of high intakes of processed foods, pre-packaged foods, fried foods, high-sugar drinks, and foods high in both refined carbohydrate and fat.
Energy Dense
Containing a high amount of calories relative to the volume or weight of the food.
Gluten
Gluten is the term used to describe a collection of proteins found in grains. In wheat, gluten covers two related proteins: gliadin and glutenin.
Celiac Disease
An autoimmune disorder where the protein gluten causes the body to mount an immune response, which leads to damage to the small intestine.
Non-Celiac Guten Sensitivity
A clinical condition induced by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the gluten-containing foodstuff is removed from the diet, and celiac disease and wheat allergy have been excluded.
