Chapter 18: Dietary Assessment and Body Composition Testing Flashcards
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) which provides guidelines and key recommendations for healthy diets that may help prevent diet-related chronic conditions.
The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine
An entity within the National Academies of Sciences that establishes principles and guidelines of adequate dietary intake, among other tasks.
Dietary Reference Intakes
The recommended intake of various nutrients as determined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. The DRIs include recommendations like the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
A range of intakes for carbohydrates, protein, and fats set by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Medicine recommended to meet the nutritional needs of most individuals and reduce risk of chronic disease.
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Amount of nutrient needed to meet the needs of almost all individuals in an age-sex group.
Adequate Intake
The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by groups of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. The AI is used when an RDA cannot be determined.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases.
Estimated Average Requirement
A nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Carbs
45 - 65%
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Fats
25 - 35%
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Protein
10 - 35%
Resting Metabolic Rate
The amount of energy an individual uses at rest in order to sustain basic processes in the body. This value is often considered for a 24 hour period.
Dietary Assessment
Analyzing a client’s food and beverage intake in order to determine their intake of calories and specific nutrients. Specific forms of dietary assessment include 24-hour recalls, usual intake, diet records and food frequency questionnaires.
24 hour Recall
A simple interview in which a client describes everything they have had to eat or drink the previous 24 hours.
Diet Record
Essentially a list of all food items eaten within a specific period of time.
Food Frequency Questionnaire
A series of multiple-choice questions designed to identify the frequency of consumption of major categories of food.
Body Composition
The makeup of an individual’s body. Major components of interest include fat mass and fat-free mass.
Body Mass Index
An individual’s weight divided by their height squared. Typically shown in units of kilograms/meters2.
2 Compartment Model
Any method of body composition assessment that divides the body into two major parts. Typically, these parts are fat mass and fat-free mass. Most common methods of body composition assessment use a 2-compartment model.
3 Component Model
A method of body composition assessment that divides the body into three major parts. Typically, these parts are fat mass, water, and “everything else”.
BMI Underweight status
Below 18.5
BMI Normal Weight status
18.5 - 24.9
BMI Pre-Obesity status
25 - 29.9
BMI Obesity 1 status
30 - 34.9
BMI Obesity 2 status
35 - 39.9
BMI Obesity 3 status
40 and over
4 Compartment Model
A method of body composition assessment that divides the body into four major parts. Typically, these parts are fat mass, water, bone, and “everything else”. These models are viewed as a “gold standard” method of body composition assessment.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
A technology that estimates body composition by calculating the fluid content of an individual’s body using small currents of electricity.
Skinfold Method
A body composition estimation method that is based on measuring the thickness of the fat layer under the skin. Using calipers, the skin and fat are “pinched” at certain locations on the body to determine their thickness. These measurements are placed into a series of equations, which provides an estimate of body fat percentage.
Body Density
The estimated thickness of fat under the skin at specific locations entered into an equation.
Skinfold Measurement - Biceps
A vertical fold on the front of the arm over the biceps muscle, halfway between the shoulder and the elbow
Skinfold Measurement - Triceps
A vertical fold on the back of the upper arm, with the arm relaxed and held freely at the side. This skin fold should also be taken halfway between the shoulder and the elbow
Skinfold Measurement - Subscapular
A 45-degree angle fold of 1 to 2 cm, below the inferior angle of the scapula
Skinfold Measurement - Iliac Crest
A 45-degree angle fold, taken just above the iliac crest and medial to the axillary line
Ultrasound Technology
Ultrasound technology uses high-frequency sound waves emitted by a probe to visualize different parts of the body.
Circumference Measurements
Measurements of the circumferences of different body parts. These measurements provide some basic indication about the distribution of fat in the body, although they cannot actually distinguish between muscle and fat.
Circumference Measurement - Neck
Measure across the Adam’s apple.
Circumference Measurement - Chest
Measure across the nipple line.
Circumference Measurement - Waist
Measure at the narrowest point of the waist, below the rib cage and just above the top of the hipbones. If there is no apparent narrowing of the waist, measure at the navel.
Circumference Measurement - Hips
With feet together, measure circumference at the widest portion of the buttocks
Circumference Measurement - Thighs
Measure 10 inches above the top of the patella for standardization.
Circumference Measurement - Calves
Measure at the maximal circumference between the ankle and the knee, measure the calves.
Circumference Measurement - Biceps
Measure at the maximal circumference of the biceps, measure with arm extended, palm facing forward.
Underwater Weighing
A body composition assessment method that involves the estimation of the 3-dimensional volume of the body through measurement of an individual’s body weight while they are completely submerged under water.
Air Displacement Technology
A body composition assessment method that involves the estimation of the 3-dimensional volume of the body through measurement of an individual’s displacement of air while they sit in a sealed chamber.
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
A body composition assessment method that measures whole-body and regional (arms, legs, and trunk) body composition using low-energy x-rays.
Infrared 3-D Scanning
A body composition assessment method that involves the estimation of the 3-dimensional volume of the body using infrared sensors.
Computed Tomography
Imaging procedure to create scans and pictures of inside the body.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A medical imaging process that measures the reaction of tissue nuclei to magnetic fields to produce images of inside the body.
Hydrometry
The process of monitoring water within the body to determine body composition.
Near-Infrared Interactance
A technique using a specialized probe against the body, emitting infrared light to estimate body composition of an individual.
