Chapter 22: Nutrition Hot Topics and Controversies

Question 1

Organic Foods

Answer 1

Any food product that is certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture, and therefore meets certain criteria for agricultural and animal husbandry practices.

Question 2

Conventional Foods

Answer 2

Any food product that comes from the intensive agricultural and animal husbandry methods employed in the United States.

Question 3

Concentrate Feed

Answer 3

Feed that provide highly concentrated sources of nutrients and supplementation to livestock.

Question 4

Colloquialism

Answer 4

The use of ordinary or familiar words or phrases.

Question 5

Secondary Metabolites

Answer 5

Natural compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.

Question 6

Polyphenols

Answer 6

Class of natural chemicals found abundantly in plants that have unique biological effects when consumed.

Question 7

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Answer 7

A hazardous natural chemical compound that is resistant to biodegradation and thus remains in the environment for a long time.

Question 8

Alpha-linolenic Acid

Answer 8

An essential omega-3 fatty acid that is converted into EPA and DHA within the body, albeit in limited amounts.

Question 9

Grass Fed and Finished

Answer 9

Refers to animals that have been raised in an ecologically appropriate way; allowed to forage and graze on pasture throughout life.

Question 10

Lutein

Answer 10

A carotenoid that plays an important role within the human brain and retina as an antioxidant.

Question 11

Acrylamide

Answer 11

An extremely hazardous chemical that can be produced by the cooking of starchy foods.

Question 12

Wheat Allergy

Answer 12

A food allergy to wheat.

Question 13

Intestinal Permeability

Answer 13

Term describing the control of material passing from inside the small intestine to the rest of the body.

Question 14

Zonulin

Answer 14

A product that modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the small intestine.

Question 15

Lipopolysaccharides

Answer 15

An endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory response if absorbed into circulation from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 16

Wholemeal Grains

Answer 16

A cereal grain or pseudograin that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran.

Question 17

Pseudograins

Answer 17

Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement

Question 18

High-fructose Corn Syrup

Answer 18

A sweetener made from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose and fructose.

Question 19

Phosphofructokinase

Answer 19

The enzyme that turns fructose 6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway.

Question 20

De Novo Lipogenesis

Answer 20

The process by which fatty acids are synthesized from other compounds within the liver.

Question 21

Isotopic Tracer

Answer 21

Any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution.

Question 22

Nonnutritive Sweeteners

Answer 22

A zero-calorie food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar.

Question 23

Artificial Sweetener

Answer 23

A synthetic nonnutritive sweetener.

Question 24

Detox and Cleansing Programs

Answer 24

The process of attempting to purify the body from ill-defined “toxins” through restrictive dieting and foolhardy supplementation.