Chapter 59 & 60

Question 1

The species in an ecosystem are divided into ___ ___. They are different feeding levels.

Answer 1

trophic levels

Question 2

The species that are at the base trophic level, the level that supports all others, are called ___ ___.

Answer 2

primary producers

Question 3

Primary producers are usually ___ organisms such as plants or phytoplankton. Primary producers can also be ___.

Answer 3

photosynthetic

chemosynthetic

Question 4

The next trophic level above that of primary producer consists of heterotrophs such as herbivorous animals, these organisms are called ___ ___

Answer 4

primary consumers

Question 5

The next trophic level above primary consumer contains carnivores and these organisms are called ___ ___

Answer 5

secondary consumers

Question 6

There can be ___ and ___ consumers as well.

Answer 6

tertiary

quaternary

Question 7

The various trophic levels starting with primary producers form a ___ ___

Answer 7

food chain

Question 8

Most ecosystems are quite complex and are called ___ ___

Answer 8

food webs

Question 9

the total amount of light energy converted into chemical energy in a certain time period

Answer 9

Primary productivity

Question 10

total primary productivity

Answer 10

Gross primary productivity

Question 11

equal to the gross primary productivity minus the energy used by the producer for respiration
-50%-90% of gross primary productivity

Answer 11

Net primary productivity

Question 12

Primary productivity is often expressed as ___ (weight) of vegetation (or other producers) added to the ecosystem per unit area per unit time.
-Typically g/m2/year

Answer 12

biomass

Question 13

___ ___ is the rate consumers convert the chemical energy in their food into their own new biomass. Much energy is lost during the incorporation of the energy from food into a consumer’s biomass.

Answer 13

Secondary productivity

Question 14

___ ___ is the percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another. This is usually highly variable.

Answer 14

Ecological efficiency

Question 15

shows the loss of energy in a food chain

Answer 15

Pyramid of productivity

Question 16

abundance of species at each trophic level

Answer 16

Pyramid of numbers

Question 17

___ are cycled through an ecosystem. There are water cycles, carbon cycles, nitrogen cycles, phosphorus cycles, and other cycles.

Answer 17

Chemicals

biochemical cycles

Question 18

___ lakes are filled with algae or aquatic plants. The abundance of algae or plants is often caused by fertilizer or sewage runoff. ___ and ___ are key nutrients contributing to these conditions.

Answer 18

Eutrophic
phosphorous
nitrogen

Question 19

___ ___ study and are involved in preserving ___.

Answer 19

Conservation biologists

biodiversity

Question 20

___ is the diversity of species found in an ecosystem.

Answer 20

Biodiversity

Question 21

We are now in the midst of a ___ ___, a mass extinction event of our own doing. Threats to biodiversity include ___ destruction, ___, and competition from ___ ___.

Answer 21

biodiversity crisis
habitat
over-exploitation
exotic species

Question 22

areas that contain unique species

Answer 22

Biodiversity hot spots

Question 23

the smallest number of individuals needed to maintain a population

Answer 23

Minimum viable population size

Question 24

the amount of habitat needed to maintain a population

Answer 24

Minimum dynamic area

Question 25

if removed entire ecosystem collapses

Answer 25

keystone species

Question 26

provide status of overall health of an ecosystem

Answer 26

indicator species

Question 27

large habitat, if habitat is protected many other species will be protected

Answer 27

umbrella species

Question 28

instantly recognizable species – symbols of conservation campaigns

Answer 28

flagship species