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BIO 113 > Chapter 23 & 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 & 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin and Wallace proposed ___

A

evolution by natural selection

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2
Q

some of the variations among individuals are ___, they are passed on from parents to their offspring

A

heritable

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3
Q

there is ___ between individuals within a species for recourses like food, mates, and places to live.

A

competiton

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4
Q

many genes exist in 2 or more forms called ___

A

alleles

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5
Q

alleles code for slightly different versions of the same ___

A

protein

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6
Q

the differences in ___ cause the variation you see within a species

A

alleles

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7
Q

breeding plants and animals for desirable characteristics

A

artificial selection

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8
Q

artificial selection is also called ___

A

selective breeding

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9
Q

2 examples of natural selection

A
  • evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

- insecticide resistants in insects

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10
Q

evidence for evolution (5)

A
  • fossil evidence
  • anatomical evidence
  • biogeographical evidence
  • biochemical evidence
  • embryological evidence
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11
Q

structures that were inherited from a common ancestor

A

homologous structures

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12
Q

stunted wings on an ostrich or the remnants of a pelvis in some whales and snakes are examples of ___

A

vestigial structures

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13
Q

the study of the distribution of plants and animals

A

biogeography

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14
Q

___ and ___ can be examined to determine how closely related species are

A

DNA

proteins

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15
Q

two or more genes derived from common ancestors are called ___

A

homologous genes

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16
Q

homologous genes in different species are called ___. they indicate the species share a common ancestor.

A

orthologs

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17
Q

gene transfer between species, such as from a bacteria to a eukaryotes or from a Neanderthal to a modern human.

A

horizontal gene transfer

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18
Q

development of a species

A

ontogeny

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19
Q

evolutionary history of a species

20
Q

a local group of individuals of the same species

A

population

21
Q

populations are ___, they can change from generation to generation.

22
Q

all of the alleles for every gene in a population

23
Q

most genes are ___; they exist as two or more alleles

A

polymorphic

24
Q

the number of copies of a specific allele in a population divided by the total number of alleles for the specific genes in a population

A

allele frequency

25
Q

the number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population divided by the total number of individuals in a population

A

genotype frequency

26
Q

describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies in a population that is not evolving.
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
-equation for a gene that exists in 2 alleles

A

hardy-weinberg equation

27
Q

conditions for hardy-weinberg (6)

A
  • no new mutations
  • no natural selection
  • no advantage for any one allele
  • large population
  • no migration
  • random mating
28
Q

changes in the gene pool from generation to generation

A

microevolution

29
Q

___ involves introduction of new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms that alter prevalence of genotypes

A

microevolution

30
Q

extreme phenotypes are favored

A

directional selection

31
Q

favors intermediate phenotypes

A

stabilizing selection

32
Q

favors two or more different phenotypes

A

diversifying selection

33
Q

two or more alleles are kept in balance

A

balancing selection

34
Q

certain individuals possess certain traits that make them more successful in reproduction

A

sexual selection

35
Q

the different appearance of the 2 sexes resulting from different secondary sex characteristics

A

sexual dimorphism

36
Q

one sex competing amongst themselves from mating opportunities

A

intrasexual selection

37
Q

one sex choosing mates based on desirable characteristics

A

intersexual election (mate choice)

38
Q

changes in allele frequencies due to chance

A

genetic drift (this is not natural selection)

39
Q

genetic drift includes the ___ and the ___

A
  • bottleneck effect

- founder effect

40
Q

a large population may be severely reduced in size by a disaster, the remaining individuals are unlikely to have the genetic diversity of the original large population

A

the bottleneck effect

41
Q

genetic drift in a new isolated colony

A

the founder effect

42
Q

changes in genes that do not effect reproductive success

-promoted by genetic drift

A

neutral variation

43
Q

the flow of genes between populations by migrating individuals

A

the gene flow

44
Q

inbreeding produces less fit homozygotes reducing a populations’ reproductive success

A

inbreeding depression

45
Q

mutations give rise to new alleles- most are ___ (do not help survival) but some re useful and are favored by natural selection.

A

deleterious

BIO 113 (21 decks)

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