Chapter 23 & 24

Question 1

Darwin and Wallace proposed ___

Answer 1

evolution by natural selection

Question 2

some of the variations among individuals are ___, they are passed on from parents to their offspring

Answer 2

heritable

Question 3

there is ___ between individuals within a species for recourses like food, mates, and places to live.

Answer 3

competiton

Question 4

many genes exist in 2 or more forms called ___

Answer 4

alleles

Question 5

alleles code for slightly different versions of the same ___

Answer 5

protein

Question 6

the differences in ___ cause the variation you see within a species

Answer 6

alleles

Question 7

breeding plants and animals for desirable characteristics

Answer 7

artificial selection

Question 8

artificial selection is also called ___

Answer 8

selective breeding

Question 9

2 examples of natural selection

Answer 9

• evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

- insecticide resistants in insects

Question 10

evidence for evolution (5)

Answer 10

• fossil evidence
• anatomical evidence
• biogeographical evidence
• biochemical evidence
• embryological evidence

Question 11

structures that were inherited from a common ancestor

Answer 11

homologous structures

Question 12

stunted wings on an ostrich or the remnants of a pelvis in some whales and snakes are examples of ___

Answer 12

vestigial structures

Question 13

the study of the distribution of plants and animals

Answer 13

biogeography

Question 14

___ and ___ can be examined to determine how closely related species are

Answer 14

DNA

proteins

Question 15

two or more genes derived from common ancestors are called ___

Answer 15

homologous genes

Question 16

homologous genes in different species are called ___. they indicate the species share a common ancestor.

Answer 16

orthologs

Question 17

gene transfer between species, such as from a bacteria to a eukaryotes or from a Neanderthal to a modern human.

Answer 17

horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

development of a species

Answer 18

ontogeny

Question 19

evolutionary history of a species

Answer 19

phylogeny

Question 20

a local group of individuals of the same species

Answer 20

population

Question 21

populations are ___, they can change from generation to generation.

Answer 21

dynamic

Question 22

all of the alleles for every gene in a population

Answer 22

gene pool

Question 23

most genes are ___; they exist as two or more alleles

Answer 23

polymorphic

Question 24

the number of copies of a specific allele in a population divided by the total number of alleles for the specific genes in a population

Answer 24

allele frequency

Question 25

the number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population divided by the total number of individuals in a population

Answer 25

genotype frequency

Question 26

describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies in a population that is not evolving. p^2+2pq+q^2=1 -equation for a gene that exists in 2 alleles

Answer 26

hardy-weinberg equation

Question 27

conditions for hardy-weinberg (6)

Answer 27

- no new mutations - no natural selection - no advantage for any one allele - large population - no migration - random mating

Question 28

changes in the gene pool from generation to generation

Answer 28

microevolution

Question 29

___ involves introduction of new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms that alter prevalence of genotypes

Answer 29

microevolution

Question 30

extreme phenotypes are favored

Answer 30

directional selection

Question 31

favors intermediate phenotypes

Answer 31

stabilizing selection

Question 32

favors two or more different phenotypes

Answer 32

diversifying selection

Question 33

two or more alleles are kept in balance

Answer 33

balancing selection

Question 34

certain individuals possess certain traits that make them more successful in reproduction

Answer 34

sexual selection

Question 35

the different appearance of the 2 sexes resulting from different secondary sex characteristics

Answer 35

sexual dimorphism

Question 36

one sex competing amongst themselves from mating opportunities

Answer 36

intrasexual selection

Question 37

one sex choosing mates based on desirable characteristics

Answer 37

intersexual election (mate choice)

Question 38

changes in allele frequencies due to chance

Answer 38

genetic drift (this is not natural selection)

Question 39

genetic drift includes the ___ and the ___

Answer 39

- bottleneck effect | - founder effect

Question 40

a large population may be severely reduced in size by a disaster, the remaining individuals are unlikely to have the genetic diversity of the original large population

Answer 40

the bottleneck effect

Question 41

genetic drift in a new isolated colony

Answer 41

the founder effect

Question 42

changes in genes that do not effect reproductive success | -promoted by genetic drift

Answer 42

neutral variation

Question 43

the flow of genes between populations by migrating individuals

Answer 43

the gene flow

Question 44

inbreeding produces less fit homozygotes reducing a populations' reproductive success

Answer 44

inbreeding depression

Question 45

mutations give rise to new alleles- most are ___ (do not help survival) but some re useful and are favored by natural selection.

Answer 45

deleterious