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BIO 113 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the most common organisms on earth are ___. They are divided into 2 domains which are ___ and ___.
most are very ___ and have a ___.

A
  • prokaryotes
  • bacteria, archaea
  • small, cell wall
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2
Q

most bacteria have cell walls of ___, which consists of sugars and proteins

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

gram-positive bacteria ___

A

take violet/purple colored stain

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4
Q

gram-negative bacteria ___

A

the violet stain washes out of these (pink)

-these bacteria have an outer membrane covering the cell wall

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5
Q

___ pathogenic bacteria are more dangerous than ___ bacteria.

A
  • gram-negative

- gram-positive

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6
Q

___ pathogens often have toxins in their outer membrane and are more resistant to antibiotics than are ___ pathogens.

A
  • gram-negative

- gram-positive

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7
Q

many prokaryotes have a sticky protective coating called a ___

A

capsule

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8
Q
  • cocci (coccus):
  • bacilli (bacillus):
  • spirochetes and spirilla:
  • vibrio:
A
  • spherical shaped
  • rod shaped
  • helical, corkscrew shaped
  • comma shaped
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9
Q

cocci occurring in pairs

A

diplococci

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10
Q

cocci occurring in chains

A

streptococci

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11
Q

cocci occurring in clusters

A

staphylococci

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12
Q

filament shaped and used for locomotion

A

flagella

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13
Q

rigid cylindrical rods used to anchor prokaryotes to food sources and for conjugation

A

pili

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14
Q

shorter and more numerous than pili

A

fimbriae

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15
Q

the genome (the genes) of prokaryotes, on average, have ___ as much DNA as eukaryotes.

A

one thousandth

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16
Q

the genome of a prokaryote is in the form of a ___, the eukaryote genome is ___.

A
  • ring

- linear

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17
Q

prokaryotes reproduce through ___, a form of cell division

A

binary fission

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18
Q

binary fission is a type of ___

A

asexual reproduction

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19
Q

3 forms of prokaryote genetic recombination:

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
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20
Q

taking up genes from their surroundings

A

transformation

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21
Q

transfer of genes between prokaryotes by viruses

A

transduction

22
Q

transfer of genes from one prokaryote to another. small rings of DNA called plasmids are transferred during this.

A

conjugation

23
Q

some prokaryotes can form into very tough ___ that can allow them to withstand extreme conditions.

A

endospores

24
Q

___ are food-filled cells produce by some cyanobacteria. they can withstand stressful conditions such as cold weather.

A

akinetes

25
Q

use light as energy

A

phototrophs

26
Q

obtain energy from chemicals in their environment

A

chemotrophs

27
Q

require only CO2 as a carbon source

A

autotrophs

28
Q

require organic molecules as a carbon source

A

heterotrophs

29
Q
  • use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
  • prokaryotes
  • eukaryotes
A
  • photoautotrophs
  • cyanobacteria
  • plants and algae
30
Q

use inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as a source of carbon
-certain prokaryotes only

A

chemoautotrophs

31
Q

use light as an energy source and organic molecules as a carbon source
-certain prokaryotes only

A

photoheterotrophs

32
Q

use organic molecules as energy source and a source of carbon

  • many prokaryotes
  • many eukaryotes including animals, fungi, many protists, and a few plants
A

chemoheterotrophs

33
Q

obligate aerobes:
facultative anaerobes:
obligate anaerobes:

A
  • require oxygen
  • will use oxygen if available but can live without oxygen
  • can not live with oxygen present
34
Q

the ___ tend to inhabit extreme environments, although non-extreme forms have now been found

A

archaea

35
Q

most named prokaryotes are ___

A

bacteria

36
Q

the three main groups of extremophile archaea are:

A

methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

37
Q

live in anaerobic conditions such as in marshes and garbage dumps. produce methane

A

methanogens

38
Q

live in very salty places

A

extreme halophiles

39
Q

live under very high temperatures

A

extreme thermophiles

40
Q

many prokaryotes are ___, they live in direct contact with other species. The larger of the two species is called the ___.

A

symbiotic

host

41
Q

3 forms of symbiosis:

A

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

42
Q

both symbionts benefit

A

mutualism

43
Q

one symbiont benefits, the other symbiont is neither helped nor harmed

A

commensalism

44
Q

the parasite benefits, the host is harmed

A

parasitism

45
Q

there would be no other life without prokaryotes. they are very important for ___.

A

-cycling nutrients through the ecosystem

46
Q

the prokaryotes are important ___, they can break down organic materials in dead organisms

A

decomposers

47
Q

certain species of bacteria can “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by other organisms

A

nitrogen fixation

48
Q

consist of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) covered with a coat of protein. they take over a host cell and force the cell to make copies until the host cell bursts open releasing new viruses

A

virus

49
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

50
Q

tiny strands or circles of RNA with no protein coat

-cause plant diseases

A

viroids

51
Q

an alternate form of a protein that can change unaltered forms of the protein in the nervous system of animals -fatal

A

prions

52
Q

___ in humans are caused by prions

___ in sheep

A
  • Kuru and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)
  • Scrapie
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) “Mad Cow Disease”
  • BSE and CJD are probably linked

BIO 113 (21 decks)

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