Chapter 34- vertebrates Flashcards
Phylum chordata
what are the 5 characteristics that they all have at some point in their development
dorsal hollow nerve cord (only chordates have this structure) notochord pharyngeal slits segmented muscles postanal tail
a flexible rod between the nerve cord and digestive system
notochord
Subphylum Cephalochordata
- Lancelets
- ___ feeders
- look like small ___
- no ___
filter
fish
brain
Subphylum Urochordata
- the ___
- includes ___ ___ and ___
- the adults are ___ ___ ___
- the larvae look like mini tadpoles and have all of the ___ characteristics
tunicates
sea squirts, slaps
filter feeding bags
chordate
Subphylum Vertebrata
- The vertebrates have the chordate characteristics and characteristics of their own.
- ___ column
- Cranium
- living ___ of bone or cartilage
- ___ circulatory system and a ___ ___ heart
- a variety of internal organs including ___ ___ for excretion and water balance
- an advanced, adaptive, ___ ___.
- ___ crest
vertebral endoskeleton closed, 2-4 paired kidneys immune system neural
Cyclostomes – “circle mouths” – jawless vertebrates
-2 classes?
myxini
Petromyzontida
class myxini
- ___ or slime ___
- no ___
- ___ scavengers and predators of ___
- NO ___ ___ - degenerate anatomy
- secrete ___ for defense
hagfish, eels jaws marine, invertebrates vertebral column mucus (slime)
Petromyzontida
- ___
- live in ___ and ___ environments
- no ___
- some are predators/parasites of ___
- some do not feed as adults (non-parasitic)
- ___ are filter feeders
lampreys marine, freshwater jaws fish larvae
Gnathostjomes
- ___ mouth
- Vertebrates with ___
- have jaws and ___ ___
- Jaws may have evolved from ___ ___, the hard supports for gill arches
jaw
jaws
paired appendages
gill supports
Class Chondrichthyes
- Sharks, rays, and ratfish
- ___ skeleton
- have ___ ___ detectors
- ___: egg layer
- ___: eggs develop internally
- ___: the young develop in a uterus nourished by placenta
cartilaginous electric field Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous
the most numerous vertebrates
-there are 3 classes
bony fish
- bony fish gills are covered with an ___
- many have a ___ ___ to control buoyancy
operculum
swim bladder
Class Actinopterygii
- Ray-finned fish
- The largest Class of ___ ___ and the largest Class of ___
- Most of our familiar fish such as salmon and trout
- The fins are supported by long flexible ___
bony fish, vertebrates
rays
- the lobe-finned fishes
- include coelacanths and lungfish
Sarcopterygii
Class Dipnoi
- ___
- they have ___ and ___
- 3 living Genera in South America, Africa, and Australia
- can live in ___ ___
lungfishes
lungs, gills
stagnant water
Class Actinistia
- Coelacanths
- Most are ___
- There is only one living Genus, ___, and 2 living species
- One extinct group was ancestral to ___ ___
extinct
Latimeria
land vertebrates
- Four legs
- Land vertebrates
Tetrapods
Class Amphibia
- Frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians
- Partly ___ – their eggs must stay in ___ – their larval stage is also ___
- amphibians evolved ___
- ___: take on the temperature of their surroundings - “cold blooded”
terrestrial water aquatic legs ectotherms
Class Reptilia -Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and many extinct taxa -Most are completely \_\_\_ -Evolved the \_\_\_ \_\_\_ that can survive on land -Ectotherms -Have \_\_\_, waterproof skin
terrestrial
amniotic egg
keratinized
- Turtles and tortoises
- Have a shell
- No teeth
Class – Testudines
Class Squamata -Lizards and snakes -The most abundant living \_\_\_ -Have \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (flexible, with many joints)
reptiles
kinetic skulls
Class Crocodilia
- Crocodiles and alligators
- ___ ___ heart
- Teeth in ___
4 chambered
sockets
-“bird-hipped”
-Stegosaurs, Triceratops, hadrosaurs
(duck bills), and many others
Class Ornithischia
“lizard-hipped”
T. rex, Brachiosaurus, and many others
Class – Saurischia
Class Aves Traditional classification -\_\_\_ -Have feathers for \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and \_\_\_ -\_\_\_ – generate body heat – “warm-blooded” -\_\_\_ \_\_\_ heart -Very efficient \_\_\_
birds flying, insulation, display Endothermic 4 chambered lungs
Birds have many adaptations to keep their weight down, including: hollow \_\_\_, no \_\_\_ (on modern birds), short \_\_\_ (on modern birds), one \_\_\_, and atrophied \_\_\_ \_\_\_ outside of the breeding season.
bones teeth tail ovary reproductive organs
Class Mammalia
- Have ___
- ___ their young
- Are ___
- Have enucleate ___ ___ ___
- Have ___ ___hearts
- Have a one piece lower ___
- Most are ___
- have enlarged brains
- have a variety of ___
- large herbivores
- horns and antlers
hair Nurse endothermic red blood cells 4 chambered jaw viviparous teeth
Monotremes
- ___ mammals
- platypus, echidnas
- No ___ ___
- No ___ but they do produce milk
- The young lap up milk from moms ___
egg-laying
gestation period (pregnancy)
nipples
fur
Marsupials
- ___ mammals
- Kangaroos, wallabies, opossums, koalas, wombats, and others
- short ___ period
- Long ___ period
pouched
gestation
lactation (nursing)
Eutherians -\_\_\_ mammals -The majority of living mammals -long \_\_\_ period -Many have a relatively short \_\_\_ \_\_\_ compared to marsupials
Placental
gestation
lactation period
Order Primates -Mostly \_\_\_ (tree dwelling) -Have \_\_\_ hands and \_\_\_ limbs -Many have well developed \_\_\_ -5 digits, usually with nails, on forelimbs and hind limbs -Have \_\_\_ \_\_\_ for depth perception -Prosimians (lemurs and others), Old world monkeys, New world monkeys, apes, and humans
arboreal
grasping, flexible
brains
binocular vision
