Chapter 34- vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum chordata

what are the 5 characteristics that they all have at some point in their development

A
dorsal hollow nerve cord (only chordates have this structure)
notochord
pharyngeal slits
segmented muscles 
postanal tail
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2
Q

a flexible rod between the nerve cord and digestive system

A

notochord

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3
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

  • Lancelets
  • ___ feeders
  • look like small ___
  • no ___
A

filter
fish
brain

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4
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

  • the ___
  • includes ___ ___ and ___
  • the adults are ___ ___ ___
  • the larvae look like mini tadpoles and have all of the ___ characteristics
A

tunicates
sea squirts, slaps
filter feeding bags
chordate

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5
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

  • The vertebrates have the chordate characteristics and characteristics of their own.
  • ___ column
  • Cranium
  • living ___ of bone or cartilage
  • ___ circulatory system and a ___ ___ heart
  • a variety of internal organs including ___ ___ for excretion and water balance
  • an advanced, adaptive, ___ ___.
  • ___ crest
A
vertebral
endoskeleton
closed, 2-4
paired kidneys
immune system
neural
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6
Q

Cyclostomes – “circle mouths” – jawless vertebrates

-2 classes?

A

myxini

Petromyzontida

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7
Q

class myxini

  • ___ or slime ___
  • no ___
  • ___ scavengers and predators of ___
  • NO ___ ___ - degenerate anatomy
  • secrete ___ for defense
A
hagfish, eels 
jaws
marine, invertebrates
vertebral column
mucus (slime)
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8
Q

Petromyzontida

  • ___
  • live in ___ and ___ environments
  • no ___
  • some are predators/parasites of ___
  • some do not feed as adults (non-parasitic)
  • ___ are filter feeders
A
lampreys 
marine, freshwater
jaws
fish
larvae
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9
Q

Gnathostjomes

  • ___ mouth
  • Vertebrates with ___
  • have jaws and ___ ___
  • Jaws may have evolved from ___ ___, the hard supports for gill arches
A

jaw
jaws
paired appendages
gill supports

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10
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

  • Sharks, rays, and ratfish
  • ___ skeleton
  • have ___ ___ detectors
  • ___: egg layer
  • ___: eggs develop internally
  • ___: the young develop in a uterus nourished by placenta
A
cartilaginous 
electric field
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous
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11
Q

the most numerous vertebrates

-there are 3 classes

A

bony fish

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12
Q
  • bony fish gills are covered with an ___

- many have a ___ ___ to control buoyancy

A

operculum

swim bladder

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13
Q

Class Actinopterygii

  • Ray-finned fish
  • The largest Class of ___ ___ and the largest Class of ___
  • Most of our familiar fish such as salmon and trout
  • The fins are supported by long flexible ___
A

bony fish, vertebrates

rays

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14
Q
  • the lobe-finned fishes

- include coelacanths and lungfish

A

Sarcopterygii

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15
Q

Class Dipnoi

  • ___
  • they have ___ and ___
  • 3 living Genera in South America, Africa, and Australia
  • can live in ___ ___
A

lungfishes
lungs, gills
stagnant water

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16
Q

Class Actinistia

  • Coelacanths
  • Most are ___
  • There is only one living Genus, ___, and 2 living species
  • One extinct group was ancestral to ___ ___
A

extinct
Latimeria
land vertebrates

17
Q
  • Four legs

- Land vertebrates

18
Q

Class Amphibia

  • Frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians
  • Partly ___ – their eggs must stay in ___ – their larval stage is also ___
  • amphibians evolved ___
  • ___: take on the temperature of their surroundings - “cold blooded”
A
terrestrial
water
aquatic
legs
ectotherms
19
Q
Class Reptilia
-Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and 
many extinct taxa
-Most are completely \_\_\_
-Evolved the \_\_\_ \_\_\_ that can 
survive on land
-Ectotherms
-Have \_\_\_, waterproof skin
A

terrestrial
amniotic egg
keratinized

20
Q
  • Turtles and tortoises
  • Have a shell
  • No teeth
A

Class – Testudines

21
Q
Class Squamata
-Lizards and snakes
-The most abundant living \_\_\_
-Have \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (flexible, with 
many joints)
A

reptiles

kinetic skulls

22
Q

Class Crocodilia

  • Crocodiles and alligators
  • ___ ___ heart
  • Teeth in ___
A

4 chambered

sockets

23
Q

-“bird-hipped”
-Stegosaurs, Triceratops, hadrosaurs
(duck bills), and many others

A

Class Ornithischia

24
Q

“lizard-hipped”

T. rex, Brachiosaurus, and many others

A

Class – Saurischia

25
``` Class Aves Traditional classification -___ -Have feathers for ___, ___, and ___ -___ – generate body heat – “warm-blooded” -___ ___ heart -Very efficient ___ ```
``` birds flying, insulation, display Endothermic 4 chambered lungs ```
26
``` Birds have many adaptations to keep their weight down, including: hollow ___, no ___ (on modern birds), short ___ (on modern birds), one ___, and atrophied ___ ___ outside of the breeding season. ```
``` bones teeth tail ovary reproductive organs ```
27
Class Mammalia - Have ___ - ___ their young - Are ___ - Have enucleate ___ ___ ___ - Have ___ ___hearts - Have a one piece lower ___ - Most are ___ - have enlarged brains - have a variety of ___ - large herbivores - horns and antlers
``` hair Nurse endothermic red blood cells 4 chambered jaw viviparous teeth ```
28
Monotremes - ___ mammals - platypus, echidnas - No ___ ___ - No ___ but they do produce milk - The young lap up milk from moms ___
egg-laying gestation period (pregnancy) nipples fur
29
Marsupials - ___ mammals - Kangaroos, wallabies, opossums, koalas, wombats, and others - short ___ period - Long ___ period
pouched gestation lactation (nursing)
30
``` Eutherians -___ mammals -The majority of living mammals -long ___ period -Many have a relatively short ___ ___ compared to marsupials ```
Placental gestation lactation period
31
``` Order Primates -Mostly ___ (tree dwelling) -Have ___ hands and ___ limbs -Many have well developed ___ -5 digits, usually with nails, on forelimbs and hind limbs -Have ___ ___ for depth perception -Prosimians (lemurs and others), Old world monkeys, New world monkeys, apes, and humans ```
arboreal grasping, flexible brains binocular vision