Chapter 40- homeostasis Flashcards
The basic unit of life is the ___
cell
Most animals are composed of several ___ cells.
trillion
Similar cells form ___ and ___ are made up of tissues. Organs are part of ___ ___ like the nervous system or the digestive system.
tissues, organs
organ systems
___ are composed of cells with a common structure and function
tissues
- The cells in this tissue are arranged in continuous sheets of closely packed cells.
- This tissue covers the external body surfaces, it also lines the body cavities and is found in many organs.
Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
composed of flattened cells
squamous epithelium
composed of cube shaped cells
Cuboidal epithelium
composed of column shaped cells
Columnar epithelium
Epithelial cells can be ___ or ___, in other words single layered or multiple layered.
simple
stratified
Some epithelium is ___, it looks stratified but it is really single layered.
pseudostratified
Some epithelial cells are ___. Much of the respiratory tract is lined with ciliated epithelium, the respiratory tract also secretes ___, the cilia sweep up the mucus and dirt out of the respiratory system.
ciliated
mucus
Connects organs, provides protection, provides support, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.
The cells of this tissue are usually surrounded by a matrix of acellular material. The matrix can range from solid to fluid.
Connective tissue
a strong flexible protein
collagen fibers
very thin collagen fibers – form a support network
Reticular fibers
contain elastin
elastic fibers
Fibers are secreted by ___
fibroblasts
supports and protects organs
loose fibrous connective tissue
found in tendons and ligaments
Dense fibrous connective tissue
cells are filled with fat
Adipose tissue
has fibers embedded in a matrix
Cartilage
the most rigid connective tissue
bone
contains cells and plasma. Plasma contains mostly water, and gasses, ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and enzymes.
Blood
Muscular tissue is composed of ___ cells called ___ ___, consisting mostly of ___.
long
muscle fibers
proteins
what are the three types pf vertebrate muscle
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
skeletal muscle
- attached to the ___
- ___ cells
- function in ___ movement
skeleton
striated
voluntary
cardiac muscle
- ___ muscle
- ___ muscle
- function in ___ movement
heart
striated
involuntary
smooth muscle
- found in organs such as the ___
- ___ striations
- function in ___ movement
intestines
no
involuntary
conduct signals
neurons
neurons have a ___ ___ and extensions called ___ and ___
cell body
dendrites
axons
dendrites carry signals ___ the cell body
to
Axons conduct signals ___ the cell body
away from
nervous tissue also includes ___ ___ (___ ___)
support cells
glial cells
The maintenance of a state of internal stability so that the internal environment so that the internal environment of the cells varies only within certain limits.
homeostasis
The organ systems maintain ___
homeostasis
Control mechanisms are under ___ ___ and ___ ___
negative feedback positive feedback
The amount of energy used by an animal in a unit of time is its ___ ___. Energy is measured in ___ or ___. Dietary Calories are kilocalories.
metabolic rate
calories (cal)
kilocalories (kcal)
The metabolic rate of endotherms at rest is called the ___ ___ ___
basal metabolic rate
The metabolic rate of ectotherms fluctuates with the ___ of their surroundings, so they must have their metabolic rate examined at a certain ___.
temperature
temperature
The resting, fasting, non-stressed metabolic rate of an ectotherm is called its ___ ___ ___
standard metabolic rate
For most animals the ___ their size the ___ their metabolic rate
smaller
greater
E = M3/4
energy use in animals
