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COMD 3100 > Chapter 5 Divisions of the nervous system/Central and peripheral Nervous systems > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Divisions of the nervous system/Central and peripheral Nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical divisions of the nervous system
-Central nervous system
(CNS)

A
  • Brain (cerebrum, subcortical structures, brainstem, and cerebellum)
  • Spinal Cord
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2
Q

Anatomical divisions of the nervous system
-Peripheral nervous system
(PNS) Final common
pathway

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Sensory receptors
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3
Q

Functional divisions of the nervous system

-Autonomic nervous system

A 
Involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion, breathing)
• Sympathetic system (fight or flight)
     o Expends energy
• Parasympathetic system (calms)
     o Conserve energy
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4
Q

Functional divisions of the nervous system

-Somatic system

A 
- Voluntary motor control
  • Pyramidal system (Direct)
       o Initiation of voluntary      
           motor acts (open door)
   • Extrapyramidal system    
        (Indirect)
       o Controls background   
           tone and movement to
           support primary motor   
            acts (don't overshoot door knob)
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5
Q

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Basic Structures; Gyri

A

Convolutions

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6
Q

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Basic Structures; Sulci

A

Infoldings

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7
Q

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral cortex)
Basic Structures;
Fissure (Sulci- infordings)

A

Deep pronounced infoldings

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8
Q

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Major Landmarks; Central fissure/sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)

A

• Separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobes

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9
Q

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Major Landmarks; Lateral fissure/sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

A

• Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

Central and Peripheral Nervous System
-Cerebrum (Cerebral
cortex)
Major Landmarks; Cerebral longitudinal fissure

A

• Separates left hemisphere from right hemisphere

• Left
o Linear, analytical, logical,
o Math, science, language formulation

• Right
o Holistic, imaginative, creative o Music, art, language expression

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11
Q

Cerebrum Lobes

Frontal lobe

A

planning, initiation, and inhibition of voluntary motions, and thought processes

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12
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Broca’s area

A 
o Speech motor planning
o Dominant (left) hemisphere
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13
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus (motor
strip)

A

o Initiation of voluntary motor movement to contralateral side of body
o Specific portions of the motor strip control specific muscles and structures

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14
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Premotor region

A

Motor planning

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15
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Frontal lobe
Anterior portion of
frontal lobe

A

o Memory
o Emotion
o Thought processes (reasoning, problem solving,
judging)

not fully developed until 20’s.
poor judgment in teenagers

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16
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory strip)

A

Receives sensory information

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17
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobule

A

Interprets visual, auditory and somatic sensory information

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18
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Angular gyrus

A

o Involved in mathematical calculation
o Reading and writing
impairment may cause Dyslexia and/or
Dysgraphia

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19
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Parietal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus

A 
Phonological development (rhyming and reading
development)
20
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Temporal lobe
Heschl’s gyrus

A

Receives auditory information from the ears

21
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area

A 
o Processes receptive language (comprehension and formulation of spoken language)
o Dominant (left) hemisphere
22
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Temporal lobe
Aphasia

A

o Acquired language disorder involving difficulty
producing or comprehending language (spoken
and or written)
o Generally caused by brain damage due to stroke,
trauma, or tumor near Wernicke’s area and/or
Broca’s area o Mild to severe

23
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Occipital lobe
Calcarine sulcus

A

Primary reception area for visual information

24
Q 
Cerebrum Lobes
   Insular lobe (Insula)
A
  • Deep to the lateral fissure
  • It is believed to be involved with speech function, the limbic system (emotion/memory), and visceral function (involuntary/automatic)
  • Gustation (taste)
25
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Cortical Connections
Projection Fibers

A

Tracts communicating to and from the cerebral cortex (brainstem and spinal cord)

26
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Cortical Connections
Association Fibers

A

• Communicating fibers between regions of the same
hemisphere
o Short association fibers: connect neurons of one
gyrus to the next gyrus
o Long association fibers: connect the lobes of the
brain in the same hemisphere

Arcuate fasciculus**
• Connects Wernicke’s
area to Broca’s area

27
Q

Cerebrum Lobes
Cortical Connections
Commissural Fibers

A

Communicating fibers between the right and left
hemispheres
o Corpus Callosum
Angenesis of the Corpus Callosum – birth defect in which the corpus callosum is not fully formed or is only partially formed.

28
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian
Limbic System
Functions

A

Involved in motivation, emotion, memory, reproduction, feeding behavior, and olfaction

29
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian
Limbic System
Important structures for communication: Hippocampus

A

o Learning and memory
o Transfers memories from short term to long
term memory

30
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian
Limbic System
Important structures for communication: Amygdala

A

o Involved in ascribing emotion to events and
behaviors

o Also aids in memory building

31
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian
Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia)
Structures

A 
• Caudate nucleus
• Globus pallidus
• Putamen
• Substantia nigra
    o Contains dopamine         
        neurotransmitters
32
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian
Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia)
Functions

A
  • Regulates motor control for posture, balance, and background muscle tone
  • Control of precise voluntary movements through inhibition (helps to refine and smooth movements)
33
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Neuromuscular disease
    -Degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra
  • A few symptoms
    • Slowness of voluntary movements
    • Trembling of hand at rest
    • Decreased facial expression and
    monotone speech
    • Shuffling gait
    • Swallowing problems (dysphasia)
34
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian

Thalamus

A

Function
• Relay station
o All information traveling to the cerebral cortex
(except olfaction) passes through the thalamus
o Sorts and interprets information and decides which signal should be transmitted to the cerebrum

35
Q

Subcortical Areas of the Brian

Hypothalamus

A

Function
• Involved in sensory and motor control of visceral functions
• Regulates hormonal function, body temperature, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, blood pressure and other functions

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Function
- Regulate posture and coordination
• Coordinates motor commands with sensory inputs to
control movements
o Rate
o Range
o Force
- Ataxia
o Without coordination
o Caused by infections, injuries, degenerative diseases that affect the cerebellum
o May cause coordination impairment in writing, walking, speech and swallowing

37
Q

Brainstem

Function

A
  • Responsible for basic body functions to maintain life
    • Site of many reflexes involved in respiration,
    swallowing and digestion
    —-Origin of cranial nerves
    -Pathway between cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal
    cord
38
Q

Brainstem
Structures
Midbrain

A

• Contains cerebral peduncles (large bundle of nerve
pathways) that provide communication to and from the cerebrum
o Corticospinal tract
Projects muscle control to extremities
o Corticonuclear tract (corticobulbar)
Project muscle control to cranial nerves

39
Q

Brainstem
Structures
Midbrain
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

o Degenerative disease of the nervous system
o Causes muscle atrophy in the muscles of the
extremities, trunk, mouth and face
- Corticospinal involvement symptoms will show
up in fine motor movements of the extremities
first
- Corticonuclear (bulbar) involvement will show
up in speech and swallowing first

40
Q

Brainstem
Structures
Pons

A

• Bridge to connect cerebellum and the rest of the
nervous system
• Contains olivary complex
o Aid in localization of sound and noise reduction

41
Q

Brainstem
Structures
Medulla

A

• Pyramids
o Location where cerebral
motor commands cross (decussate) from one side of the body to the contralateral side (opposite side) of the body

42
Q

Brainstem
Structures
Medulla

Unilateral motor impairment

A

o Muscle paresis (weakness) or paralysis (loss of muscle control on one side of the body
o Neurological damage is on the opposite side of the brain

43
Q

Spinal Cord
Structures
Central canal

A

cerebral spinal fluid

44
Q

Spinal Cord
Structures
White matter

A

contain sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) pathways

  • Sensory (afferent) pathways – transmit information about pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the thalamus, cerebrum, and cerebellum
  • Motor (efferent) pathways
45
Q

Spinal Cord
Structures
Gray matter

A

site of neuron synapse

• Dorsal (posterior) horn (root) – afferent (sensory)
information
• Ventral (anterior) horn (root) – efferent (motor)
information

46
Q

Spinal Cord
Structures
Spinal nerve

A

Contain both sensory and motor branch
o Sensory branch exits the spinal cord at the posterior root
o Motor branch enters the spinal cord at the anterior root
o The two branches converge outside the spinal cord to form the spinal nerve

 31 pairs of spinal nerves
   o 8 Cervical
   o 12 Thoracic
   o 5 Lumbar
   o 5 Sacral
   o 1 Coccygeal
• Spinal Reflex Arc
 o Simple stimulus response
    -Sensory nerve ending receives a stimulus
   -Sensory information travels to the spinal
cord via the posterior horn
   - Synapse with a connecting neuron within
the gray matter
   -Synapse with a motor neuron in the
anterior horn
   -Information travels along the motor
neuron to the neuromuscular junction
  -Reflexive movement

COMD 3100 (27 decks)

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