Chapter 3 Phonatory System Notes not to do with structures

Question 1

Vocal Fold Vibration

Answer 1

Vibration of the vocal folds is NOT the product of repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds

Question 2

(Vocal Fold Vibration)
(Myoelastic - Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation):
Myoelastic, Elasticity

Answer 2

Returns to original shape after being displaced (Vocal folds are muscles covered by delicate membranes). This soft tissue allows them to move when sufficient force is exerted.

Question 3

(Vocal Fold Vibration)
(Myoelastic - Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation):

Myoelastic
Stiffness

Answer 3

Strength of material that restores it to original shape

Question 4

(Vocal Fold Vibration)
(Myoelastic - Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation):
Myoelastic, Inertia

Answer 4

a body in motion tends to stay in motion

Question 5

(Vocal Fold Vibration)

(Myoelastic - Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation): Aerodynamic, Bernoulli’s Principle

Answer 5

There will be an increase in velocity of airflow at a point of constriction,

And a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow

Question 6

Laryngeal Function

Answer 6

Attack: adduct vocal folds to initiate phonation,
Sustain Phonation: maintain laryngeal posture, ongoing airflow maintains the vibration,
Termination: abduct vocal folds to stop phonation

Question 7

(Frequency/Pitch and Amplitude/Loudness):

Frequency

Answer 7

Rate of vibration of an object,

Measured in cycles per second(Hertz -Hz)

Question 8

(Frequency/Pitch and Amplitude/Loudness):

Pitch

Answer 8

Perception of sound’s frequency,

Vibration rate related to vocal fold thickness (mass), length, and elasticity (tension)

Question 9

(Frequency/Pitch and Amplitude/Loudness):

Pitch, Higher Pitch

Answer 9

Faster the vibration (the higher the frequency) the higher the sounds will be perceived,

Contraction of cricothyroid muscles, (Lengthens vocal folds and thins medial edge)

Question 10

(Frequency/Pitch and Amplitude/Loudness):

Pitch, Lower Pitch

Answer 10

Slower the vibration (the lower the frequency) the lower the sound will be perceived,

Contraction of thyromuscularis,

Brings thyroid cartilage and arytenoids closer together,

Shortens vocal fold length, making them more massive and less tense

Question 11

(Frequency/Pitch and Amplitude/Loudness):

Amplitude

Answer 11

Amount of displacement of an object from its rest position,

Measured in decibels (dB)

Question 12

(Frequency/Pitch and Amplitude/Loudness):

Loudness

Answer 12

Perception of the sound’s amplitude, Increase Loudness:

The greater the amplitude the louder is the sound that is heard and vice versa,

Increase medial compression of vocal folds, (Vocal folds press together more tightly), (Vocal folds press together for a longer period of time)

Question 13

(Voice Quality):

Normal Voice Quality, Maximum frequency range

Answer 13

The voice is flexible in pitch during conversation

Question 14

(Voice Quality):

Normal Voice Quality, Minimum - maximum amplitude

Answer 14

The voice is able to vary loudness

Question 15

(Voice Quality):

Normal Voice Quality, Maximum phonation time

Answer 15

Measured by the longest period of time that an individual can sustain a vowel on one breath,

Coordinated air flow with vocal fold adduction,

Adults: 15 -25 seconds

Children: at least 10

Question 16

(Voice Quality):

Normal Voice Quality, Minimal additive noise

Answer 16

Minimal breathiness or roughness

Question 17

(Abnormal Voice Qualities): Dysphonia

Answer 17

Generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality, pitch, and or loudness

Question 18

(Abnormal Voice Qualities): Dysphonia, Breathiness

Answer 18

Vocal folds don’t close completely during each vibratory cycle,

Air leakage at the glottis creates a friction noise,

Breathy noise is measured at the higher frequencies

Question 19

(Abnormal Voice Qualities): Dysphonia, Rough/Hoarse Voice

Answer 19

Excessive vocal fold closure during phonation,

Vocal folds vibrate in a less periodic cycle,

Rough/Hoarse noise is measured at the lower frequencies

Question 20

(Acoustic Analysis): Praat, Advantages

Answer 20

Easily accessible,

Inexpensive,

Safe and non-invasive,

Provides quantifiable data

Question 21

(Acoustic Analysis): Praat, Disadvantages

Answer 21

Different calculation algorithms for different programs,

Not useful for severely dysphonic voices,

Validity and reliability issues (placement and quality of microphone, background noise, acoustics in the room)

Question 22

(Acoustic Analysis): Perturbation Measurement, Jitter

Answer 22

Frequency perturbation (timing variability between cycles of vibration),

Normal jitter values: 0.2% to 1%

Question 23

(Acoustic Analysis): Perturbation Measurement, Shimmer

Answer 23

Amplitude perturbation (amplitude variability between cycles),

Normal shimmer values: below 0.5 dB

Question 24

(Acoustic Analysis): Noise Measures, Harmonic to noise ratio

Answer 24

Measures the amount of additive noise in the voice,

Lower than normal harmonic to noise ratio: suspect problems with vocal fold vibration/adduction

Question 25

(Vocal Fold Disorders): Laryngitis

Answer 25

Inflammation of the vocal folds,

Caused by excessive use of the voice, infections, inhaled irritants, or reflux

Question 26

(Vocal Fold Disorders): Vocal nodules

Answer 26

Noncancerous growths on the vocal cords, similar to a callus,

Most often caused by vocal abuse

Question 27

(Vocal Fold Disorders): Vocal polyps

Answer 27

Soft noncancerous growth, similar to a blister

Question 28

(Vocal Fold Disorders): Vocal fold paralysis

Answer 28

One or both vocal folds doesn’t open or close,

Caused by injury, problems in surgery, stroke, cancer, neurological disorders

Question 29

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Whisper, Relaxed whisper

Answer 29

Less stressful to vocal folds,

More open and softer

Question 30

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Whisper, Forced whisper

Answer 30

Strong, funneled air stream,

Stiffened folds,

Turbulence just above glottis

Question 31

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Yawning

Answer 31

Facilitates relaxation of vocal tract musculature

Question 32

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Coughing

Answer 32

Airway protection,

Encourage adduction of vocal folds,

Prolonged cough abusive to vocal folds

Question 33

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Throat Clearing

Answer 33

(vocal folds grate on each other)

Can help remove irritants,

Entire larynx goes into stressful movements, (Encourage very soft and breathy clearing), (Loud or frequent -abusive to vocal folds)

Question 34

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Throat Clearing

Answer 34

(vocal folds grate on each other)

Can help remove irritants,

Entire larynx goes into stressful movements, (Encourage very soft and breathy clearing), (Loud or frequent -abusive to vocal folds)

Question 35

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Laughing

Answer 35

Laryngeal musculature are reflexively relaxed,

Can help generate efficient vocal physiology in voice therapy,

Can cause excessive laryngeal pressure and stress if done too loudly or excessively

Question 36

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Crying, Open or relaxed cry

Answer 36

Enriched resonance between the vocal folds and the supraglottic resonating spaces

Question 37

(Facilitative and Aversive Activities of the Vocal Folds): Crying, Tight, loud, or excessive crying

Answer 37

Laryngeal and supraglottic musculature are tensed