Chapter 4 Articulation/Resonance/Theories and other stuff Flashcards
(Articulation and Resonance): Consonants
Place of Articulation,
Manner of Articulation,
Voicing
(Articulation and Resonance): Vowels
All voiced,
Made by the change of location of tongue within the oral cavity,
Ex: Tongue height (high or low),
Tongue advancement (front or back)
(Articulation and Resonance): Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production
Speech is the product of sending an acoustic source, such as the sound produced by the vibrating vocal cords, through the filter of the vocal tract that shapes the output.
(Articulation and Resonance): Acoustic source
vibrating vocal cords,
(Articulation and Resonance): Acoustic source, Fundamental frequency(F0)
Lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound
(Articulation and Resonance): Acoustic source, Harmonic frequencies
Frequencies above the fundamental frequency,
Whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency
(Articulation and Resonance):
Filter-vocal tract, Harmonic Frequencies
Harmonic frequencies are filtered by the vocal tract,
Amplified,
Damped
(Articulation and Resonance):
Filter-vocal tract, Resonance
Air-filled container or cavity is forced to vibrate by an applied frequency or frequencies,
The sound quality given to voice sounds by the vocal tract
(Articulation and Resonance)
(Filter-vocal tract): Resonance, Increase and Decrease
Increase air cavity space=decrease frequency,
Decrease air cavity space = increase frequency,
(Articulation and Resonance)
(Filter-vocal tract): Resonance, changes
To change the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract:
Length of the vocal tract,
Location of constriction,
Degree of constriction
(Articulation and Resonance)
(Filter-vocal tract): Resonance, Formants
Peak resonating (harmonic) frequencies of the vocal tract:
Formant 1 (F1)-created by the resonating frequencies of the pharyngeal cavity,
Formant 2 (F2)-created by the resonating frequencies of the oral cavity
(Articulation and Resonance): Spectrographic Analysis
method of identifying the harmonic/spectral content of sounds over time.
Time (seconds) -Horizontal axis,
Frequency (Hz) -Vertical axis,
Intensity of resonating frequencies - degree of darkness
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Vowels
Resonating frequencies are related to the size of the space in the cavity,
Shaping the vocal tract to generate particular vowel sounds is independent of vocal fold vibration
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Diphthongs
Two vowels produced together as one unit,
Formant transition -see a shift in the frequencies
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Nasals
Produced with a lowered velum,
Sound is resonated in both the oral and nasal cavity but the sound exits only the nasal cavity
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Nasal Formant
Low frequency because of the combined pharyngeal and nasal cavities (large space)
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Nasal Murmur
Sound exiting the nasal cavity (gets damped and does not have strong intensity)
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Glides
Semivowels,
Always voiced (not completely smooth and laminar but not turbulent either),
Very quick gliding tongue movement
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Liquids
Tongue position does not change during production of the sound,
Lowering of F3
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Stops
Silent gap,
Release burst
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Fricatives
Turbulent flow,
Aperiodic noise
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Affricates
Combination of a stop and fricative,
Silent gap followed by friction noise
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Coarticulation
Overlapping of articulatory movements in time so that the acoustic characteristics of adjacent sounds influence each other
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Suprasegmentals, Intonation
Variation of the fundamental frequency over an utterance
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Suprasegmentals, Stress
Emphasis placed on a syllable or word by increasing pitch, intensity, and/or duration
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Suprasegmentals, Duration
Length of time a speech sound lasts
(Articulation and Resonance): Clinical Applications of Spectral Analysis
Hearing impairment,
Neurological disorders,
Resonance problems
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Resonance Problems, Hypernasality
Excessive nasal resonance
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Resonance Problems, Hyponasality
Insufficient nasal resonance
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Resonance Problems, Nasal emissions
Air escape through nasal cavities
(Articulation and Resonance) (Spectrographic Analysis): Resonance Problems, Cul-de-sac resonance
Muffles sound to the voice
(Articulation and Resonance): Cleft Palate
Hole/gap in the hard and/or soft palate,
Difficulties with feeding in infancy,
High risk for frequent ear infections,
Surgery is required to repair the cleft,
May need orthodontic care,
May have articulation and/or resonance difficulties
(Articulation and Resonance): Cleft Palate, Complete cleft of the palate
Starts at the incisive foramen,
Follows along the intermaxillary suture of the palatine processes of the maxilla,
Continues between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones,
Goes through the soft palate
(Articulation and Resonance): Cleft Palate, Partial cleft of the palate
Starts at a point posterior to the incisive foramen,
May include a cleft through the part of the hard palate and soft palate,
May only involve the soft palate
(Speech Development): Motor Skills Development, Cephalocaudually
head to tail
(Speech Development): Motor Skills Development, Proximodistally
medial structures to distal structures
(Speech Development): Motor Control, Stabilization
Speech is a fine motor skill that requires good stabilization of the trunk and neck muscles
Deglutition, Definition:
Swallowing
Mastication, Definition:
Chewing
Bolus, Definition:
Ball of food or liquid to be swallowed
(Deglutition): Structural difference between adult and infant
Oral cavity is smaller,
Larynx is elevated,
Hyoid is elevated and forward,
Larger velum,
No teeth
Dysphagia, Definition:
Any difficulty, discomfort, or pain associated with swallowing; a swallowing disorder
(Deglutition): Signs of Dysphagia
Frequent coughing or clearing of airway when eating food or liquids,
Wet sounding voice,
Pain when swallowing,
Recurring pneumonia
(Deglutition): Causes of Dysphagia, Obstructive
Cancer of the mouth or larynx,
Reflux
(Deglutition): Causes of Dysphagia, Neurological
Stroke,
Parkinson’s Disease,
Multiple Sclerosis,
Brain tumors
(Deglutition): Causes of Dysphagia, Congenital and Developmental
Cerebral palsy,
Cleft lip and palate
