Chapter 5 Cranial Nerves

Question 1

Cranial Nerves

Answer 1

extend from the brainstem
to muscles of face, mouth
and neck.

• Classification
  o Name
  o Number (Roman Numerals) 
  o  Type
     § Motor (efferent)
     § Sensory (afferent)
     § Both (efferent and   
          afferent)
o Damage/Lesion to cranial nerves 
§ Physical trauma
§ Tumor
§ Vascular incident (stroke)

Question 2

Cranial Nerves

I – Olfactory

Answer 2

o Function
- Sense of SMELL

o Type:sensory

o Damage
- Anosmia - loss of sense
of smell and taste

“Old factory” stinks

Question 3

Cranial Nerves

II – Optic

Answer 3

o Function
-Communicates visual
information to the brain

o Type:sensory

o Damage
   - Various types of visual  
     impairment depending on     
      location and
      severity of the damage    
       along the nerve

Question 4

Cranial Nerves

III – Oculomotor

Answer 4

o Function
- Innervates eye movement
(visual convergence and
pupil size/lens shape)

o Type: motor

o Damage
§ Inability to turn the eye in
§ Drooping of the eyelid
§ Abnormal dilation of the pupil

Question 5

Cranial Nerves

IV – Trochlear

Answer 5

o Function
-Innervates eye movements
(visual tracking: downward
and outward)

o Type: motor

o Damage
-Inability to turn eye down
and out

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Question 6

Cranial Nerves

V – Trigeminal

Answer 6

o Function

- Motor: Innervates muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani
- Sensory: Communicates sensations from face, mouth, teeth, mucosal lining and tongue

o Type:both

o Damage
- Increased jaw jerk reflex
-Jaw may deviate toward the side of the lesion
-Jaw may hang open – will effect speech
- Hypernasality in speech due to weakness or paralysis of tensor
veli palatini muscle
- Loss or altered sensation from various locations of the face (can’t feel some locations on face.

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Question 7

Cranial Nerves

VI – Abducens

Answer 7

o Function
- Innervates eye movements (lateral eye movements)

o Type:Motor

o Damage

• Eyes rotate in
• Double vision

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Question 8

Cranial Nerves

VII – Facial

Answer 8

o Function

• Motor: Innervates muscles of facial expression, and tear glands
• Sensory: Serves taste of anterior two-thirds of tongue

o Type:both

o Damage

• Upper and lower face paralysis on the side of the lesion
• Loss of tone, reduction in wrinkling
• May drool due to the loss of lip control
• Alteration of tasteBell’s palsy: compression of the facial nerve

Question 9

Cranial Nerves
VIII – Vestibulocochlear
(auditory nerve)

Answer 9

o Function
- Mediates auditory (hearing) information and vestibular (equilibrium) sensations

o Type:sensory

o Damage

• Ipsilateral (same side) hearing loss
• Vertigo (feeling that you or your surroundings are moving)

Vestibulo-ballance cochlear-hear

Question 10

Cranial Nerves

IX – Glossopharyngeal

Answer 10

o Function

• Motor - Innervation of stylopharyngeus and superior pharyngeal constrictor
• Sensory - Taste to posterior one-third of tongue and portion of the soft palate

o Type:both
o Damage
- Loss of sensation for posterior tongue and pharynx
-Reduced or absent gag reflex

Gloss- tongue pharyngeal-pharnex

Question 11

Cranial Nerves

X – Vagus

Answer 11

o Function
Motor - Innervates muscles of the larynx used for phonation and protection of the airway, innervates all velopharyngeal muscles except the tensor veli palatini
Sensory - Delivers pain, touch an temperature sense from the eardrum, posterior auricle, and external auditory meatus
Serves the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, etc.)

o Type:both

o Damage
   -Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) 
 - Loss of gag reflex
  - Hypernasality
  - Nasal regurgitation (problems with soft pallet closure 
  -Unilateral or bilateral flaccid    
       vocal fold paralysis 
  - Risk for aspiration pneumonia

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Question 12

Cranial Nerves

XI – Accessory

Answer 12

o Function
- Activates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

o Type: motor

o Damage

• Unable to turn head away from the side of the lesion
• Restricted ability to elevate the arm
• Drooping shoulder

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Question 13

Cranial Nerves

XII – Hypoglossal

Answer 13

o Function
- Innervates the muscles of the tongue

o Type: motor (speech)

o Damage

• Tongue will deviate toward the side of the lesion
• Fasciculation (abnormal involuntary twitching) of the tongue
• tounge muscle weakness (twitching)

Question 14

Cranial Nerves
Tramatic brain injury
coup

Answer 14

injury at the site of impact

Question 15

Cranial Nerves
Tramatic brain injury
Contrecoup

Answer 15

injury oposite the site of impact
linear and rotational movement of the brain within the skull.

brain hit in front, pushed back in skull and hits the back of skull.

swelling causes pressure in other areas as well.

Question 16

Cranial Nerves

How to remember all of the names and numbers

Answer 16

Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Here!
I   Olfactory
II   Optic
III  Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V  Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal

Question 17

Cranial Nerves

How to remember the TYPES of nerve

Answer 17

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I       Sensory 
II      Sensory
III     Motor
IV     Motor
V      Both
VI     Motor
VII    Both
VIII    Sensory
IX      Both
X       Both
XI      Motor
XII     Motor