Chapter 2-Respiratory System-Physiology and Physics of Respiration

Question 1

Boyle’s law (1)

Answer 1

Given a gas of constant temperature, increasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a corresponding decrease in pressure. Decreasing the volume of the chamber will cause an increase in pressure.

Question 2

Boyle’s Law (2)

Answer 2

If you increase the volume, pressure will decrease (negative pressure)

If you decrease the volume, the pressure will increase (positive pressure)

Question 3

Boyle’s Law, Inhalation

Answer 3

expansion of thoracic cavity increases the volume, which decreases the air pressure - air flows into the lungs

Question 4

Quiet (passive) inspiration

Answer 4

Mostly accomplished through diaphragm

Question 5

Active (forced) inspiration

Answer 5

Uses muscles of inspiration

Question 6

Boyle’s Law, Exhalation

Answer 6

compression of the thoracic cavity decreases the volume of the lungs which increases air pressure - air flows out of the lungs

Question 7

Quiet (passive) expiration

Answer 7

System is restored to a resting position after inspiration.

Driven by forces of torque, elasticity and gravity.

Question 8

Active (forced) expiration

Answer 8

Muscular effort enhances act of expiration.

Abdomen is compressed.

Muscles reduce size of thorax.

Question 9

Rate of Breathing

Answer 9

Measured in breaths per minute.

Variables affecting rate: age, activity level, muscle weakness/strength, illness.

Question 10

Rate of Breathing

Spastic

Answer 10

excessive tone

Question 11

Rate of Breathing

Flaccid

Answer 11

too little tone

Question 12

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Spirometer

Answer 12

device used to measure lung volume and capacities

Question 13

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Volumes

Answer 13

amount of air inhaled or exhaled

Question 14

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Tidal volume

Answer 14

Volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration

Question 15

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration

Question 16

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

Volume of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration

Question 17

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Residual Volume

Answer 17

The volume of air in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

Question 18

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Capacities

Answer 18

combined volumes that express physiological limits

Question 19

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Vital capacity

Answer 19

The combination of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume, representing the capacity of air available for speech

Question 20

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Total lung capacity

Answer 20

Sum of all the lung volumes

Question 21

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Functional residual capacity

Answer 21

Air that remains in the body after passive exhalation

Question 22

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 22

The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

Question 23

Breathing for Life (also called quiet breathing)

Answer 23

Location of air intake: nose,

Ratio of time for inhalation vs. exhalation: Inhale 40%, Exhale 60%,

Muscle activity for exhalation: passive (muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax),

Chest wall position: abdomen is positioned outward relative to rib cage

Question 24

Breathing for speech

Answer 24

Location of air intake: mouth,

Ratio of time for inhalation vs.exhalation: Inhale 10%, Exhale 90%,

Muscle activity for exhalation: active (thoracic and abdominal muscles contract to control recoil of rib cage and diaphragm),

Chest wall position: Abdomen is positioned inward relative to rib cage

Question 25

Respiratory Problems, Symptoms

Dyspnea

Answer 25

Subjectively perceived discomfort in breathing that can vary from mild to extreme.

Shortness of breath,
The need to work harder to breathe,
Chest tightness

Question 26

Respiratory Problems, Symptoms

Stridor

Answer 26

Audible sound that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration

Question 27

Respiratory Problems

Asthma

Answer 27

Obstructive

Swelling in bronchioles that decreases the diameter of the bronchial branches, Increased resistance to airflow

Question 28

Respiratory Problems

Emphysema

Answer 28

Obstructive
Breakdown of lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) are destroyed,
Decreased oxygen exchange between the air and blood stream,
Causes decreased vital capacity,
Common cause is smoking

Question 29

Respiratory Problems

Diseases of the pleura, Pleurisy

Answer 29

Restrictive
Condition in which there is inflammation of the plural linings, Causes extreme pain during breathing due to the loss of lubrication

Question 30

(Respiratory Problems

Pneumonia

Answer 30

Restrictive
Inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacterial or viral infection,
Causes the alveoli to fill with fluid,
Can be caused by aspiration of fluids or food into the lungs due to poor swallow function

Question 31

Respiratory Problems

Stroke

Answer 31

Central
Sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain, Depending on location of the brain damage can cause decrease in muscular strength or coordination (May affect the control of the muscles of respiration)

Question 32

(Clinical Application, Posture Support): Sitting posture

Answer 32

May cause some restraint of diaphragm movements,
Gravity pulls the abdominal viscera down,
Supports inspiration and expiration

Question 33

(Clinical Application, Posture Support): Supine position

Answer 33

Gravity pulls the abdominal viscera toward the spine,
Muscles of inspiration must elevate both abdomen and rib cage against gravity,
Increase effort required for inspiration and expiration

Question 34

(Clinical Application, Use of air supply):

Answer 34

How a person uses and controls air flow is typically more important than lung capacity.

Improve coordination of respiration and phonation,
Important to measure the patient’s respiratory function both non-speech and speech tasks,
Treatment exercises should be practiced in speech contexts rather than in non-speech contexts