Chapter 5- Digestive System Flashcards
Mouth, syn. oral cavity
Opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion
Palate
The roof of the mouth; separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Uvula
Small piece of tissue that hangs in the posterior portion of the oral cavity
Tongue
Muscular organ at the floor of the mouth; assists in swallowing and speaking
Teeth
Structures that provide the hard surfaces needed for mastication
Salivary glands
Saliva-secreting glands in the oral cavity; include the parotid, sublingual, + submandibular glands
Saliva
Clear, tasteless, odorless fluid that helps to lubricate food in the mouth
Pharynx, syn. throat
Space behind mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx
Esophagus
Muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to the stomach
Stomach
Saclike organ in which the chemical part of digestion begins
Cardia
Area where esophagus connects to stomach
Fundus
Superior domed portion of the stomach
Body
Largest part of stomach, between the fundus and pylorus
Pylorus
Lower part of the stomach connecting to the small intestine
Rugae
Folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
Small intestine
Long, hollow tube where most absorption of nutrients occurs
Duodenum
First section of small intestine
Jejunum
Middle section of small intestine
Ileum
Terminal part of small intestine connecting to the large intestine
Large intestine
Large tube where water is reabsorbed and solid waste products are produced
Cecum
First portion of the large intestine
Appendix, syn. vermiform appendix
Fingerlike projection off the cecum of the large intestine
Antacid
Drug used to reduce stomach acid
Antidiarrheal
Drug used to stop/prevent diarrhea
Antiemetic
Drug used to prevent nausea/vomiting
Emetic
Drug used to induce vomiting
Laxative, syn. cathartic
Drug used to promote the expulsion of feces
Abdominoperineal (A&P) resection
Surgical removal of the colon and rectum by both abdominal and perineal approaches; includes a colostomy and is performed to treat severe lower intestinal diseases including cancer
Abdominoplasty
Surgical repair of the abdominal area
Anastomosis
An operative union of two hollow or tubular structures
Appendectomy
Removal of the appendix
Bariatric surgery
Any operation performed for the management of obesity
Gastric bypass
Type of bariatric surgery that involves stomach stapling to bypass a large area of the stomach and anastomosis of its upper part to the small intestine
Choleithotripsy
Crushing of gallstones
Colostomy
Artificial opening into the colon
Cholecystectomy
Removal of the gallbladder
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of becoming obese and by an aversion to eating
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
Condition involving the presence of stones in the gallbladder
Cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease characterized by gradual failure of liver cells and loss of blood flow in liver
Constipation
Decreased number of bowel movements often associated with hard stools
Crohn disease, syn. regional enteritis
Chronic enteritis of unknown cause characterized by deep ulcers and thickening of the intestine
Diarrhea
Abnormally frequent discharge of semi-solid or liquid feces
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a diverticulum
Diverticulum
An abnormal pouch on the wall of a hollow organ that protrudes outward
Dysentery
Disease marked by frequent watery stools containing blood and mucus
Gastric ulcer
Ulcer in stomach
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of stomach and intestines
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins in the anal region; may be internal or external
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of liver
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of part of stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
Ileus
An obstruction of the intestine
Incontinence
Inability to prevent the discharge of feces or urine
Intussusception
Sliding (enfolding) of one section of the intestine into an adjacent section; much like the parts of a collapsible telescope
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), syn. spastic colon
Painful intestinal disease characterized by alternating constipation with diarrhea
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peptic ulcer, syn. peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Ulcer of stomach or duodenum caused by gastric acid
Peritonitis
Inflammation of peritoneal cavity
Polyp
Section of tissue that grows abnormally and protrudes from a surface
Polyposis
Condition of polyps
Pruritus ani
Itching around the opening of the anus
Ulcerative colitis
Painful condition in which ulcers form in the colon and rectum
Volvulus
Twisting of the intestine that can cause obstruction
Colon
Portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum
Ascending colon
Portion of large intestine that lies on the right side arising from the cecum and joins the transverse colon
Transverse colon
Area of large intestine between the ascending colon and descending colon
Descending colon
Section of the large intestine that follows the transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Terminal portion of the large intestine that joins with the rectum
Rectum
Extension of the large intestine that is a pouch that holds solid waste material before elimination from the body
Anus
Exit from the large intestine to the outside of the body
Liver
Large organ that produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder
Bile
Fluid that is secreted by the liver into the duodenum and aids in digestion
Gallbladder
Organ located behind the liver that stores bile and sends it to the duodenum
Pancreas
Organ that secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestine that assist in digestion
Aliment/o
Nutrition
An/o
Anus
Appendic/o
Appendix
Bil/o
Bile
Bucc/o
Cheek
Cec/o
Cecum
Chol/e
Gall, bile
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Col/o, colon/o
Colon
Duoden/o
Duodenum
Enter/o
Small intestine
Esophag/o
Esophagus
Diverticul/o
Diverticulum
Gastr/o
Stomach
Hemat/o, hem/o
Blood
Hepat/o
Liver
Herni/o
Hernia
Ile/o
Ileum
Polyp/o
Polyp
Jejun/o
Jejunum
Labi/o, cheil/o
Lip
Lapar/o, abdomin/o
Abdomen
Lingu/o
Tongue
Lith/o
Stone, calculus
Odont/o, dent/o
Tooth
Or/o, stomat/o
Mouth
Palat/o
Palate
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Peps/o
Digestion
Phag/o
Eat, swallow
Pharyng/o
Pharynx
Proct/o
Rectum and anus
Pylor/o
Pylorus
Rect/o
Rectum
Sial/o
Saliva
Sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
Endo-
In, within
Hyper-
Above, excessive
Peri-
Around, surrounding
Post-
After, behind
Retro-
Backward, behind
-Algia, -dynia
Pain
-Ase
Enzyme
-Cele
Herniation, protrusion
-Centesis
Puncture to aspirate
-Emesis
Vomiting
-Gen
Origin, production
-Gram
Record, recording
-Graphy
Process of recording
-Iasis
Condition of
-Logist
One who specializes in
-Logy
Study of
-Malacia
Softening
-Megaly
Enlargement
-Prandial
Meal
-Ptosis
Prolapse, drooping, sagging
-Rrhaphy
Suture
-Scope
Instrument for examination
-Scopy
Process of examining
-Stenosis
Stricture, narrowing
-Stomy
Surgical opening
-Tomy
Incision
-Tripsy
Crushing
Gastroenterology
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastroenterologist
Physician who specializes in gastroenterology
Proctology
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the anus and rectum
Proctologist
Physician who specializes in proctology
A&P resection
Abdominoperineal resection
BE
Barium enema
BM
Bowel movement
EGD
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
GERD
hGastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
Gastrointestinal
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
NG
Nasogastric
PUD
Peptic ulcer disease
TPN
Total parenteral nutrition
UGI
Upper gastrointestinal
Anorexia
Decreased appetite
Bolus
Moistened bit of food ready for deglutition (swallowing)
Chyme
Partially digested food that passes into the duodenum
Defecation, syn. bowel movement (BM)
Passage of solid waste products through the rectum and anus
Deglutition
The act of swallowing
Digestion
The process of converting food into usable energy and waste products
Eructation
The voiding of a gas or acid fluid from the stomach through the mouth; commonly called a burp or belch
Feces
Solid waste products
Flatus
Gas that passes through the anus
Halitosis
Bad breath
Hematochezia
Passage of bloody stools
Inguinal
Relating to the groin
Mastication
Chewing
Melena
Black, tarry stools due to the presence of occult blood
Nausea
Urge to vomit
Occult blood
Blood in the feces in amounts that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
Peristalsis
Wavelike motion that moves substances through an open lumen such as the intestines
Vomit, syn. regurgitate
To eject matter from the stomach through the mouth
Gastrectomy
Removal of the stomach
Gastric lavage
Insertion of a tube from the mouth into the stomach to wash and suction out its contents for examination and treatment; usually done to remove blood clots or monitor bleeding
Gastric resection
Removal of a section of the stomach
Gavage
Process of feeding a patient through a nasogastric intubation
Glossorrhaphy
Suturing of the tongue
Herniorrhaphy
Suturing of a hernia
Ileostomy
Artificial opening into the ileum of a small intestine
Laparotomy
Incision into the abdominal area
Nasogastric (NG) intubation
Insertion of a tube from the nose into the stomach for feeding or suctioning stomach contents
Palatoplasty
Surgical repair of roof of mouth
Polypectomy
Surgical removal of polyps
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Feeding maintained entirely by intravenous (IV) injection or other nongastrointestinal route
Hemoccult test
Screening test used to determine the presence of hidden blood in feces
Stool culture
Microscopic examination of feces for identification of possible pathogens
Abdominal ultrasound
Use of sound waves to view digestive system organs/structures
Abdominocentesis, syn. paracentesis
Puncture into abdomen to obtain fluid for culture or to relieve pressure
Barium enema (BE)
Use of contrast medium to view lower gastrointestinal tract
Cholecytogram
X-ray record of gallbladder
Colonoscopy
Process of examining the colon using an endoscope
Endoscopy
Use of an endoscope to examine the inside of organs
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Process of examining the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, usually using a fiberoptic endoscope
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Examination using a fiberoptic endoscope to visualize the sigmoid colon and the descending colon
Laparoscopy
Process of examining abdominal area with a type of endoscope called a laparoscope
Proctoscopy
Process of examining rectal and anal area with an endoscope
Upper gastrointestinal series (UGI), syn. barium swallow
Viewing of stomach and duodenum with use of contrast medium
