Chapter 16- Oncology and Cancer Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Ablat/o
A
To take away
2
Q
Bi/o
A
Life
3
Q
Cancer/o, carcin/o
A
Cancer
4
Q
Chem/o
A
Chemical, drug
5
Q
Cry/o
A
Cold
6
Q
Cyt/o
A
Cell
7
Q
Kary/o
A
Nucleus
8
Q
Lapar/o
A
Abdomen
9
Q
Lei/o
A
Smooth
10
Q
Leuk/o
A
White
11
Q
Melan/o
A
Black, dark
12
Q
Onc/o
A
Tumor
13
Q
Path/o
A
Disease
14
Q
Plas/o
A
Growth, formation
15
Q
Radi/o
A
X-rays, radiation
16
Q
Rhabd/o
A
Striated muscle
17
Q
Sarc/o
A
Connective tissue, flesh
18
Q
Squam/o
A
Scalelike structure
19
Q
Dys-
A
Painful, difficult, abnormal
20
Q
Intra-
A
Within
21
Q
Mal-
A
Bad, poor
22
Q
Meta-
A
Change, beyond
23
Q
Neo-
A
New
24
Q
Para-
A
Beside
25
Trans-
Across, through
26
-Gen
Origin, production
27
-Genic
Originating, producing
28
-Oma
Tumor
29
-Opsy
Process of viewing
30
-Scopy
Process of examining, examination
31
Benign
Nonmalignant form of a neoplasm
32
Cancer (CA)
General term for a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells
33
Cancerous
Pertaining to cancer
34
Carcinogen
Any cancer-causing substance or organism
35
Differentiation
Determination of how developed, or mature, the cancer cells are in a tumor
36
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth of tissue
37
In situ
In the original place or site without any expansion or spread
38
Invasion
Direct migration and penetration by cancerous cells into neighboring tissues
39
Lesion
A pathologic change in tissue resulting from a disease or injury
40
Malignant
Having the properties of locally invasive + destructive growth + metastasis
41
Metastasis
Spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another
42
Oncogenes
Mutated forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells
43
Oncogenic
Causing or being suitable for the development of a tumor
44
Recurrence
Return of cancer after all visible signs of it had been eradicated previously
45
Remission
Lessening in severity of disease symptoms; period of time when a cancer is responding to treatment or is under control
46
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasm composed of glandular tissue
47
Adenoma
Benign neoplasm composed of glandular tissue
48
Carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of any epithelial tissue
49
Fibroma
Benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue
50
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of deep fibrous tissue
51
Lipoma
Benign neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue
52
Liposarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue
53
Malignant neoplasm
Tumor that invades surrounding tissue and is usually capable of metastasizing; can be located in any organ or tissue of the body
54
Melanoma
Tumor characterized by a dark appearance; most commonly occurs in the skin or in the eye
55
Neoplasm, syn. tumor
Abnormal growth of a new tissue into a mass; can be benign or malignant
56
Neuroma
Tumor derived from nervous tissue
57
Myeloma
Tumor composed of cells derived from bone marrow
58
Sarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
59
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Cancer that begins in the lowest layer of the epidermis of the skin
60
Kaposi sarcoma
Type of cancer found in the tissues under the skin or mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose, + anus; most commonly seen in patients w/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
61
Melanoma of the skin
Malignant skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes in the epidermis, usually caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation
62
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Cancer that begins in the squamous cells located in the upper levels of the epidermis of the skin
63
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Very rare cancer affecting the digestive tract or nearby structures within the abdomen
64
Malignant neoplasm of the bladder
Cancerous tumor of the bladder
65
Nephroma
Tumor of the kidney
66
Urothelial carcinoma, syn. transitional cell carcinoma
Cancer arising in the urothelium lining the urinary tract
67
Wilms tumor
Rare type of kidney cancer affecting children
68
Hodgkin disease
Abnormal malignant enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, + liver; indicated by the presence of Reed-Sterberg cells
69
Leukemia
Cancer in the blood indicated by malignant increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs)
70
Lymphangioma
Mass or tumor of lymph vessels
71
Lymphoma
Tumor of lymphoid tissue, including lymphocytes and plasma cells
72
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Lymphoma other than Hodgkin disease
73
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Carcinoma that arises from the mucous of the large bronchi
74
Mesothelioma
A carcinoma of the mesothelium lining of the lungs or heart, usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust
75
Oat cell carcinoma
Highly malignant form of lung or bronchogenic cancer in which cells appear small and rounded under a microscope
76
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
Breast cancer that is confined to the ducts and has not spread into the tissues of the breast
77
Germ cell tumor
Cancer that begins in the egg-producing cells of the ovaries
78
Stromal cell tumor
Cancer that begins in the cells of the ligaments of the ovaries
79
Astrocytoma
Tumor that arises from small, star-shaped cells in the brain and spinal cord
80
Glioma
Cancer that arises from the glial cells of the nervous system
81
Medulloblastoma
Cancer that develops from the primitive nerve cells in the cerebrum
82
Meningioma
Benign + slow-growing tumor of the meninges
83
Neuroblastoma
Cancer of the nervous system
84
Glomus tumor
A benign but locally invasive tumor arising out of glomus tissue found in the middle ear, jugular bulb, + carotid artery
85
Intraocular melanoma
Malignant cancer that forms in the tissues of the eye
86
Retinoblastoma
Malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells
87
Chondroma
Common benign tumor arising from cartilage cells
88
Chondrosarcoma
Large malignant tumor arising from cartilage cells
89
Ewing tumor, syn. Ewing sarcoma
Malignant tumor found in bone or soft tissue
90
Giant cell tumor
Tumor of the tendon sheath that can be either benign or malignant
91
Leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle
92
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle
93
Liposarcoma
Malignant tumor of adipose (fat) tissue; occurs in the retroperitoneal tissues and the thigh
94
Osteofibroma
Benign lesion of bone consisting chiefly of fairly dense, moderately cellular, fibrous connective tissue
95
Osteosarcoma
Fast-growing malignant type of bone cancer that develops in the osteoblast cells that form the outer covering of the bone
96
Rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor of striated muscle
97
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Highly malignant tumor of striated muscle
98
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
Group of disorders characterized by functioning tumors in more than one endocrine gland
99
Pheochromocytoma
Vascular tumor of the adrenal gland
100
Pituitary adenoma
Benign tumor arising in the pituitary gland
101
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
Blood test for substance produced by tumor cells in the body; found in elevated levels in patients with ovarian cancer
102
Estrogen receptors
Blood test for a type of protein present on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen attaches
103
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test
Blood test for the substance that, in elevated levels, may indicate cancer in the testis, ovary, liver, stomach, pancreas, or lung
104
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
Microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes (ex: cancer)
105
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Blood test for substance produced only by the prostate; elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer in its early stages
106
Tumor marker test
Various blood tests for specific substances produced by certain types of tumors
107
Biopsy
Process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination
108
Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Procedure of withdrawing cells from a lesion for examination with a fine needle on a syringe
109
Radionuclide scan
Imaging scan in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the vein; a machine measures levels of radioactivity in certain organs, which may indicate abnormal areas or tumors
110
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Removal and examination of the sentinel nodes, which are the first lymph nodes to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor
111
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan
Type of nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs; can help identify certain types of tumors
112
Punch biopsy
Removal of a small oval core of skin for laboratory analysis using a sharp, hollow instrument
113
Shave biopsy
Removal of a sample of skin for laboratory analysis using a scalpel to slice the specimen from the site
114
Cholescintigraphy, syn. hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan
Imaging test used to examine the function of the liver, gallbladder, + bile ducts
115
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Procedure using x-ray and injectable dye to examine disorders in the bile ducts, gallbladder, + pancreas
116
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
Procedure using an ultrasound imaging device on the tip of an endoscope for evaluation of the bowel wall and adjacent structures
117
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Procedure using magnetic resonance imaging and an injectable dye to examine problems in the bile ducts, gallbladder, + pancreas
118
Lymph node biopsy
Removal of lymph node tissue for pathologic evaluation
119
Bone marrow aspiration
Removal of a small amount of fluid and cells from inside the bone with a needle and a syringe
120
Bone marrow biopsy
Removal and evaluation of a small amount of bone along with fluid and cells from inside the bone
121
Lumbar puncture (LP)
Process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis; used to determine if leukemic cells are present
122
Thoracoscopy, syn. pleuroscopy
Endoscopic examination of the thorax made through a small opening in the chest wall
123
Prostate biopsy
Procedure in which tissue samples are removed from the body for examination under a microscope to determine whether cancerous or other abnormal cells are present
124
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
Ultrasound imaging of the prostate done through the rectum; used to diagnose prostate cancer
125
Cervical conization, syn. cone biopsy
Biopsy of cervix in which a cone-shaped sample of tissue is removed
126
Colposcopy
Visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina using a lighted microscope (colposcope) to identify abnormal cell growth and, if necessary, remove a tissue sample for biopsy
127
Endometrial biopsy
Procedure whereby a sample of the endometrium of the uterus is removed from the body and examined under a microscope; used to check for uterine cancer
128
Mammography
An x-ray of the breasts; used to detect breast tumors
129
Brachytherapy, syn. seed implantation
Procedure by which radioactive "seeds' are placed inside cancerous tissue and positioned to kill nearby cancer cells
130
Cryosurgery
Use of freezing temperatures to destroy tissue
131
Debulking surgery
Excision of a major part of a tumor that cannot be completely removed
132
Palliative surgery
Surgery that is performed to relieve pain or other symptoms but not to cure cancer or prolong a patient's life
133
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
Procedure in which a surgical oncologist uses a small probe to deliver heat from radiofrequency energy to kill cancerous tissue; used primarily to treat liver, prostate, renal, bone, + breast cancer
134
Reconstructive surgery
Surgery performed to return function and appearance to a specific area of the body after the removal of a tumor
135
Mohs surgery
Surgical procedure that involves removing and examining a piece of tumor in the skin bit by bit until the entire lesion is removed
136
Colectomy
Excision of all or part of the colon
137
Esophagectomy
Excision of the diseased portion of the esophagus and all associated tissues that might contain cancer
138
Gastrectomy, syn. Billroth operation 1 and 2
Excision of part or all of the stomach
139
Pancreaticoduodenectomy, syn. Whipple operation
Partial excision of the stomach, complete excision of the gallbladder, a portion of the bile duct, head of the pancreas, portions of the small intestine, + regional lymph nodes to stop the spread of cancer in these areas
140
Cystectomy
Surgical removal of part or all of the bladder
141
Fulguration
Destruction of tissue by means of high-frequency electric current; commonly used to remove tumors from inside the bladder
142
Nephrectomy
Excision of a kidney
143
Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB)
Excision of a tumor from the bladder through the urethra using a resectoscope
144
Lymphadenectomy
Excision of a lymph node
145
Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
Transfer of bone marrow from one person to another
146
Peripheral stem cell transplant
Collection and freezing of stem cells from the blood, which are then reintroduced into the patient after chemotherapy
147
Lobectomy
Excision of a lobe (of the lung)
148
Pneumonectomy
Excision of the lung
149
Wedge resection
Excision of part of a lobe of the lung
150
Prostatectomy, syn. transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Removal of prostate tissue through the urethra using a stethoscope
151
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
Gynecologic procedure that uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop to cut out cancerous tissue in the cervix
152
Mastectomy
Excision of a breast to remove a malignant tumor
153
Modified radical mastectomy
Excision of a breast along with some of the underlying muscle and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit
154
Radical mastectomy
Excision of the breast as well as the underlying muscles and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit
155
Simple mastectomy
Excision of a breast, leaving the underlying muscles and lymph nodes intact
156
Myomectomy
Excision of myomas
157
Craniectomy
Excision of part of the cranium to access the brain
158
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Radiation therapy technique for treating brain tumors by aiming high-dose radiation beams directly at the tumors
159
Enucleation
Removal of an eyeball
160
Iridectomy
Excision of part of the iris (for very small melanomas)
161
Laryngectomy
Excision of part or all of the larynx, usually to treat cancer
162
Amputation
Surgical removal of an entire limb
163
Limb salvage surgery
Surgical procedure in which only the cancerous section of bone is removed but nearby muscles, tendons, and other structures are left intact
164
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of a parathyroid gland
165
Thyroidectomy
Excision of the thyroid gland
166
Transsphenoidal resection
Excision of a pituitary adenoma by making an incision through the nose to the bottom of the skull where the pituitary gland is located
167
External beam radiation
Procedure by which a beam of high-energy radiation is applied externally directly to the tumor to minimize damage to other tissues
168
Radiation therapy
The use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
169
Aromatase inhibitors
Group of drugs designed to reduce estrogen levels in a woman's body and stop the growth of cancer cells that depend on estrogen to live/grow
170
Chemoprevention
Use of natural or synthetic products to keep cancer at bay or stop the disease process before it becomes invasive
171
Chemotherapy
Regimen of therapy using chemicals to treat cancer
172
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Chemotherapy given in addition to surgery, to destroy remaining residual tumor or to reduce the risk of recurrence
173
Interstitial chemotherapy
Placement of chemotherapy drugs directly into a tumor
174
Intrathecal chemotherapy
Delivery of chemotherapy drugs into the spinal canal
175
Palliative chemotherapy
Chemotherapy that is given to relieve pain or other symptoms of cancer but not to cure it
176
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGRF) inhibitor therapy
Drugs that interfere with the growth of individual cancer cells
177
Hormonal therapy
Use of hormones to stop a tumor from growing, to relieve symptoms caused by a tumor, or to replace the hormone that is needed by the body to function properly after a body part is removed due to cancer
178
Immunotherapy, syn. biologic therapy
Method of boosting the body's natural defenses to fight cancer by using materials made either by the body or in a laboratory to bolster, target, or restore immune system function
179
Gynecologic oncology
Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the female reproductive system
180
Gynecologic oncologist
Physician who specializes in the care and treatment of women with gynecologic cancers
181
Medical oncology
Medical specialty concerned with the use of medical and chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer
182
Medical oncologist
Physician who specializes in the science of oncology
183
Pediatric oncology
Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases
184
Pediatric oncologist
Physician who specializes in the treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases
185
Radiation oncology
Radiologic specialty concerned with radiation treatment as the main mode of treatment for cancer
186
Radiation oncologist
Physician who specializes in treating cancer with high-energy e-rays to destroy cancerous cells
187
Surgical oncology
Surgical specialty concerned with the surgical aspects of cancer
188
Surgical oncologist
Physician who specializes in the surgical aspects of cancer, including biopsy and tumor staging and resection
189
AFP
Alpha fetoprotein
190
BCC
Basal cell carcinoma
191
BMT
Bone marrow transplant
192
CA
Cancer
193
DCIS
Ductal carcinoma in situ
194
EGFR
Epidermal growth factor receptor
195
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
196
EUS
Endoscopic ultrasound
197
FNA
Fine needle aspiration
198
GIST
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
199
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
200
HIDA
Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid
201
LEEP
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure
202
LP
Lumbar puncture
203
MEN
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
204
MRCP
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
205
NHL
Non-Hodgkin lymphona
206
PSA
Prostate-specific antigen
207
FRA
Radiofrequency ablation
208
SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
209
SPECT
Single photon emmision computed tomography
210
TRUS
Transrectal ultrasound
211
TURB
Transurethral resection of bladder tumor
212
TURP
Transurethral recetion of prostate
