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HOSA MedTerm > Chapter 16- Oncology and Cancer Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Oncology and Cancer Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Ablat/o

A

To take away

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2
Q

Bi/o

A

Life

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3
Q

Cancer/o, carcin/o

A

Cancer

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4
Q

Chem/o

A

Chemical, drug

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5
Q

Cry/o

A

Cold

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6
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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7
Q

Kary/o

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Lapar/o

A

Abdomen

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9
Q

Lei/o

A

Smooth

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10
Q

Leuk/o

A

White

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11
Q

Melan/o

A

Black, dark

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12
Q

Onc/o

A

Tumor

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13
Q

Path/o

A

Disease

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14
Q

Plas/o

A

Growth, formation

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15
Q

Radi/o

A

X-rays, radiation

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16
Q

Rhabd/o

A

Striated muscle

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17
Q

Sarc/o

A

Connective tissue, flesh

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18
Q

Squam/o

A

Scalelike structure

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19
Q

Dys-

A

Painful, difficult, abnormal

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20
Q

Intra-

A

Within

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21
Q

Mal-

A

Bad, poor

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22
Q

Meta-

A

Change, beyond

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23
Q

Neo-

A

New

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24
Q

Para-

A

Beside

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25
Q

Trans-

A

Across, through

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26
Q

-Gen

A

Origin, production

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27
Q

-Genic

A

Originating, producing

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28
Q

-Oma

A

Tumor

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29
Q

-Opsy

A

Process of viewing

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30
Q

-Scopy

A

Process of examining, examination

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31
Q

Benign

A

Nonmalignant form of a neoplasm

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32
Q

Cancer (CA)

A

General term for a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells

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33
Q

Cancerous

A

Pertaining to cancer

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34
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any cancer-causing substance or organism

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35
Q

Differentiation

A

Determination of how developed, or mature, the cancer cells are in a tumor

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36
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth of tissue

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37
Q

In situ

A

In the original place or site without any expansion or spread

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38
Q

Invasion

A

Direct migration and penetration by cancerous cells into neighboring tissues

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39
Q

Lesion

A

A pathologic change in tissue resulting from a disease or injury

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40
Q

Malignant

A

Having the properties of locally invasive + destructive growth + metastasis

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41
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another

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42
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells

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43
Q

Oncogenic

A

Causing or being suitable for the development of a tumor

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44
Q

Recurrence

A

Return of cancer after all visible signs of it had been eradicated previously

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45
Q

Remission

A

Lessening in severity of disease symptoms; period of time when a cancer is responding to treatment or is under control

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46
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm composed of glandular tissue

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47
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign neoplasm composed of glandular tissue

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48
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of any epithelial tissue

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49
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue

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50
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of deep fibrous tissue

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51
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue

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52
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue

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53
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

Tumor that invades surrounding tissue and is usually capable of metastasizing; can be located in any organ or tissue of the body

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54
Q

Melanoma

A

Tumor characterized by a dark appearance; most commonly occurs in the skin or in the eye

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55
Q

Neoplasm, syn. tumor

A

Abnormal growth of a new tissue into a mass; can be benign or malignant

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56
Q

Neuroma

A

Tumor derived from nervous tissue

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57
Q

Myeloma

A

Tumor composed of cells derived from bone marrow

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58
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of connective tissue

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59
Q

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

A

Cancer that begins in the lowest layer of the epidermis of the skin

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60
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

Type of cancer found in the tissues under the skin or mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose, + anus; most commonly seen in patients w/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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61
Q

Melanoma of the skin

A

Malignant skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes in the epidermis, usually caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation

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62
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

A

Cancer that begins in the squamous cells located in the upper levels of the epidermis of the skin

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63
Q

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

A

Very rare cancer affecting the digestive tract or nearby structures within the abdomen

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64
Q

Malignant neoplasm of the bladder

A

Cancerous tumor of the bladder

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65
Q

Nephroma

A

Tumor of the kidney

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66
Q

Urothelial carcinoma, syn. transitional cell carcinoma

A

Cancer arising in the urothelium lining the urinary tract

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67
Q

Wilms tumor

A

Rare type of kidney cancer affecting children

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68
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

Abnormal malignant enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen, + liver; indicated by the presence of Reed-Sterberg cells

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69
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer in the blood indicated by malignant increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs)

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70
Q

Lymphangioma

A

Mass or tumor of lymph vessels

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71
Q

Lymphoma

A

Tumor of lymphoid tissue, including lymphocytes and plasma cells

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72
Q

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A

Lymphoma other than Hodgkin disease

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73
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Carcinoma that arises from the mucous of the large bronchi

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74
Q

Mesothelioma

A

A carcinoma of the mesothelium lining of the lungs or heart, usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust

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75
Q

Oat cell carcinoma

A

Highly malignant form of lung or bronchogenic cancer in which cells appear small and rounded under a microscope

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76
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

A

Breast cancer that is confined to the ducts and has not spread into the tissues of the breast

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77
Q

Germ cell tumor

A

Cancer that begins in the egg-producing cells of the ovaries

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78
Q

Stromal cell tumor

A

Cancer that begins in the cells of the ligaments of the ovaries

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79
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Tumor that arises from small, star-shaped cells in the brain and spinal cord

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80
Q

Glioma

A

Cancer that arises from the glial cells of the nervous system

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81
Q

Medulloblastoma

A

Cancer that develops from the primitive nerve cells in the cerebrum

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82
Q

Meningioma

A

Benign + slow-growing tumor of the meninges

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83
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Cancer of the nervous system

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84
Q

Glomus tumor

A

A benign but locally invasive tumor arising out of glomus tissue found in the middle ear, jugular bulb, + carotid artery

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85
Q

Intraocular melanoma

A

Malignant cancer that forms in the tissues of the eye

86
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells

87
Q

Chondroma

A

Common benign tumor arising from cartilage cells

88
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Large malignant tumor arising from cartilage cells

89
Q

Ewing tumor, syn. Ewing sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor found in bone or soft tissue

90
Q

Giant cell tumor

A

Tumor of the tendon sheath that can be either benign or malignant

91
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle

92
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle

93
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of adipose (fat) tissue; occurs in the retroperitoneal tissues and the thigh

94
Q

Osteofibroma

A

Benign lesion of bone consisting chiefly of fairly dense, moderately cellular, fibrous connective tissue

95
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Fast-growing malignant type of bone cancer that develops in the osteoblast cells that form the outer covering of the bone

96
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumor of striated muscle

97
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Highly malignant tumor of striated muscle

98
Q

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

A

Group of disorders characterized by functioning tumors in more than one endocrine gland

99
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Vascular tumor of the adrenal gland

100
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

Benign tumor arising in the pituitary gland

101
Q

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

A

Blood test for substance produced by tumor cells in the body; found in elevated levels in patients with ovarian cancer

102
Q

Estrogen receptors

A

Blood test for a type of protein present on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen attaches

103
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test

A

Blood test for the substance that, in elevated levels, may indicate cancer in the testis, ovary, liver, stomach, pancreas, or lung

104
Q

Papanicolaou (Pap) test

A

Microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes (ex: cancer)

105
Q

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

Blood test for substance produced only by the prostate; elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer in its early stages

106
Q

Tumor marker test

A

Various blood tests for specific substances produced by certain types of tumors

107
Q

Biopsy

A

Process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination

108
Q

Fine needle aspiration (FNA)

A

Procedure of withdrawing cells from a lesion for examination with a fine needle on a syringe

109
Q

Radionuclide scan

A

Imaging scan in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the vein; a machine measures levels of radioactivity in certain organs, which may indicate abnormal areas or tumors

110
Q

Sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

Removal and examination of the sentinel nodes, which are the first lymph nodes to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor

111
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan

A

Type of nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs; can help identify certain types of tumors

112
Q

Punch biopsy

A

Removal of a small oval core of skin for laboratory analysis using a sharp, hollow instrument

113
Q

Shave biopsy

A

Removal of a sample of skin for laboratory analysis using a scalpel to slice the specimen from the site

114
Q

Cholescintigraphy, syn. hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan

A

Imaging test used to examine the function of the liver, gallbladder, + bile ducts

115
Q

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

Procedure using x-ray and injectable dye to examine disorders in the bile ducts, gallbladder, + pancreas

116
Q

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

A

Procedure using an ultrasound imaging device on the tip of an endoscope for evaluation of the bowel wall and adjacent structures

117
Q

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A

Procedure using magnetic resonance imaging and an injectable dye to examine problems in the bile ducts, gallbladder, + pancreas

118
Q

Lymph node biopsy

A

Removal of lymph node tissue for pathologic evaluation

119
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

Removal of a small amount of fluid and cells from inside the bone with a needle and a syringe

120
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

Removal and evaluation of a small amount of bone along with fluid and cells from inside the bone

121
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis; used to determine if leukemic cells are present

122
Q

Thoracoscopy, syn. pleuroscopy

A

Endoscopic examination of the thorax made through a small opening in the chest wall

123
Q

Prostate biopsy

A

Procedure in which tissue samples are removed from the body for examination under a microscope to determine whether cancerous or other abnormal cells are present

124
Q

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)

A

Ultrasound imaging of the prostate done through the rectum; used to diagnose prostate cancer

125
Q

Cervical conization, syn. cone biopsy

A

Biopsy of cervix in which a cone-shaped sample of tissue is removed

126
Q

Colposcopy

A

Visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina using a lighted microscope (colposcope) to identify abnormal cell growth and, if necessary, remove a tissue sample for biopsy

127
Q

Endometrial biopsy

A

Procedure whereby a sample of the endometrium of the uterus is removed from the body and examined under a microscope; used to check for uterine cancer

128
Q

Mammography

A

An x-ray of the breasts; used to detect breast tumors

129
Q

Brachytherapy, syn. seed implantation

A

Procedure by which radioactive “seeds’ are placed inside cancerous tissue and positioned to kill nearby cancer cells

130
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Use of freezing temperatures to destroy tissue

131
Q

Debulking surgery

A

Excision of a major part of a tumor that cannot be completely removed

132
Q

Palliative surgery

A

Surgery that is performed to relieve pain or other symptoms but not to cure cancer or prolong a patient’s life

133
Q

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

A

Procedure in which a surgical oncologist uses a small probe to deliver heat from radiofrequency energy to kill cancerous tissue; used primarily to treat liver, prostate, renal, bone, + breast cancer

134
Q

Reconstructive surgery

A

Surgery performed to return function and appearance to a specific area of the body after the removal of a tumor

135
Q

Mohs surgery

A

Surgical procedure that involves removing and examining a piece of tumor in the skin bit by bit until the entire lesion is removed

136
Q

Colectomy

A

Excision of all or part of the colon

137
Q

Esophagectomy

A

Excision of the diseased portion of the esophagus and all associated tissues that might contain cancer

138
Q

Gastrectomy, syn. Billroth operation 1 and 2

A

Excision of part or all of the stomach

139
Q

Pancreaticoduodenectomy, syn. Whipple operation

A

Partial excision of the stomach, complete excision of the gallbladder, a portion of the bile duct, head of the pancreas, portions of the small intestine, + regional lymph nodes to stop the spread of cancer in these areas

140
Q

Cystectomy

A

Surgical removal of part or all of the bladder

141
Q

Fulguration

A

Destruction of tissue by means of high-frequency electric current; commonly used to remove tumors from inside the bladder

142
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Excision of a kidney

143
Q

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB)

A

Excision of a tumor from the bladder through the urethra using a resectoscope

144
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

Excision of a lymph node

145
Q

Bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

Transfer of bone marrow from one person to another

146
Q

Peripheral stem cell transplant

A

Collection and freezing of stem cells from the blood, which are then reintroduced into the patient after chemotherapy

147
Q

Lobectomy

A

Excision of a lobe (of the lung)

148
Q

Pneumonectomy

A

Excision of the lung

149
Q

Wedge resection

A

Excision of part of a lobe of the lung

150
Q

Prostatectomy, syn. transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

Removal of prostate tissue through the urethra using a stethoscope

151
Q

Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)

A

Gynecologic procedure that uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop to cut out cancerous tissue in the cervix

152
Q

Mastectomy

A

Excision of a breast to remove a malignant tumor

153
Q

Modified radical mastectomy

A

Excision of a breast along with some of the underlying muscle and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit

154
Q

Radical mastectomy

A

Excision of the breast as well as the underlying muscles and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit

155
Q

Simple mastectomy

A

Excision of a breast, leaving the underlying muscles and lymph nodes intact

156
Q

Myomectomy

A

Excision of myomas

157
Q

Craniectomy

A

Excision of part of the cranium to access the brain

158
Q

Stereotactic radiosurgery

A

Radiation therapy technique for treating brain tumors by aiming high-dose radiation beams directly at the tumors

159
Q

Enucleation

A

Removal of an eyeball

160
Q

Iridectomy

A

Excision of part of the iris (for very small melanomas)

161
Q

Laryngectomy

A

Excision of part or all of the larynx, usually to treat cancer

162
Q

Amputation

A

Surgical removal of an entire limb

163
Q

Limb salvage surgery

A

Surgical procedure in which only the cancerous section of bone is removed but nearby muscles, tendons, and other structures are left intact

164
Q

Parathyroidectomy

A

Excision of a parathyroid gland

165
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Excision of the thyroid gland

166
Q

Transsphenoidal resection

A

Excision of a pituitary adenoma by making an incision through the nose to the bottom of the skull where the pituitary gland is located

167
Q

External beam radiation

A

Procedure by which a beam of high-energy radiation is applied externally directly to the tumor to minimize damage to other tissues

168
Q

Radiation therapy

A

The use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells

169
Q

Aromatase inhibitors

A

Group of drugs designed to reduce estrogen levels in a woman’s body and stop the growth of cancer cells that depend on estrogen to live/grow

170
Q

Chemoprevention

A

Use of natural or synthetic products to keep cancer at bay or stop the disease process before it becomes invasive

171
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Regimen of therapy using chemicals to treat cancer

172
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy given in addition to surgery, to destroy remaining residual tumor or to reduce the risk of recurrence

173
Q

Interstitial chemotherapy

A

Placement of chemotherapy drugs directly into a tumor

174
Q

Intrathecal chemotherapy

A

Delivery of chemotherapy drugs into the spinal canal

175
Q

Palliative chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy that is given to relieve pain or other symptoms of cancer but not to cure it

176
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGRF) inhibitor therapy

A

Drugs that interfere with the growth of individual cancer cells

177
Q

Hormonal therapy

A

Use of hormones to stop a tumor from growing, to relieve symptoms caused by a tumor, or to replace the hormone that is needed by the body to function properly after a body part is removed due to cancer

178
Q

Immunotherapy, syn. biologic therapy

A

Method of boosting the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer by using materials made either by the body or in a laboratory to bolster, target, or restore immune system function

179
Q

Gynecologic oncology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the female reproductive system

180
Q

Gynecologic oncologist

A

Physician who specializes in the care and treatment of women with gynecologic cancers

181
Q

Medical oncology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the use of medical and chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer

182
Q

Medical oncologist

A

Physician who specializes in the science of oncology

183
Q

Pediatric oncology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases

184
Q

Pediatric oncologist

A

Physician who specializes in the treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases

185
Q

Radiation oncology

A

Radiologic specialty concerned with radiation treatment as the main mode of treatment for cancer

186
Q

Radiation oncologist

A

Physician who specializes in treating cancer with high-energy e-rays to destroy cancerous cells

187
Q

Surgical oncology

A

Surgical specialty concerned with the surgical aspects of cancer

188
Q

Surgical oncologist

A

Physician who specializes in the surgical aspects of cancer, including biopsy and tumor staging and resection

189
Q

AFP

A

Alpha fetoprotein

190
Q

BCC

A

Basal cell carcinoma

191
Q

BMT

A

Bone marrow transplant

192
Q

CA

193
Q

DCIS

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

194
Q

EGFR

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

195
Q

ERCP

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

196
Q

EUS

A

Endoscopic ultrasound

197
Q

FNA

A

Fine needle aspiration

198
Q

GIST

A

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

199
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

200
Q

HIDA

A

Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

201
Q

LEEP

A

Loop electrosurgical excision procedure

202
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

203
Q

MEN

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

204
Q

MRCP

A

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

205
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphona

206
Q

PSA

A

Prostate-specific antigen

207
Q

FRA

A

Radiofrequency ablation

208
Q

SCC

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

209
Q

SPECT

A

Single photon emmision computed tomography

210
Q

TRUS

A

Transrectal ultrasound

211
Q

TURB

A

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor

212
Q

TURP

A

Transurethral recetion of prostate

HOSA MedTerm (17 decks)

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