Chapter 11- Female Reproductive System, Obstetrics, + Neonatology Flashcards
Breasts
Female organs of milk secretion
Areola
Pigmented area around the breast nipple
Lactiferous ducts
Channels that carry breast milk to the nipple
Lactiferous lobules
Glands in the breast making breast milk
Mammary glands
Modified sweat glands located in the breasts that prepare for milk production in anticipation of the birth of a fetus
Mammary Papilla
Breast nipple
Genitalia
Internal and external organs of reproduction
Mons pubis
Rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone
Ovaries
Pair of oval reproductive glands attached to the uterus, which produce hormones and release ova
Corpus luteum
Temporary endocrine gland formed in the ovary that secretes progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle
Vesicular ovarian follicles, syn. graafian follicles
Fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries, each containing an immature ovum
Oocyte
Immature ovum contained in a follicle
Ovum, pl. ova
Egg cell
Perineum
Surface area between the thighs extending from the coccyx to the pubis that includes the anus posteriorly and the external genitalia anteriorly
Salpinges, syn. fallopian tubes
Tubular structures that carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Fimbriae
Finger-like extensions of the salpinx that drape over the ovary
Uterus, syn. womb
Pear-shaped organ located in the middle of the pelvis that supports a growing fetus and is the site of menses
Adnexa
Appendages or adjunct parts; the adnexa of the uterus consist of the salpinges, ovaries, + ligaments that hold them together
Endometrium
Inner lining of the uterus
Myometrium
Thick, muscular middle layer of the uterus
Perimetrium
Outer layer of the uterus that covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix
Cervix
Tubular, lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
Cervical os
Opening of the cervical canal
Fundus
Dome-shaped top portion of the uterus that lies above the entrances of the salpinges
Vagina, syn. birth canal
Muscular tube projecting inside a female that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
Greater vestibular glands, syn. Bartholin glands
Glands that keep the vaginal mucosa moist and provide a lubricant for the vagina during sexual intercourse
Introitus
Opening of the vagina
Vulva
Female external genital organs
Clitoris
Small (less than 2 cm) mass of erectile tissue in females that responds to sexual stimulation
Labia
Two sets of skin folds that serve to cover the female external genital organs and tissues
Labia majora
Part of the labia that covers and protects the female external genital organs
Labia minora
Inner folds of the labia that surround the openings to the vagina and urethra
Amnion
Inner layer of membrane surrounding the fetus and containing the amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid
Fluid that encases the fetus and provides a cushion for the fetus as the mother moves
Chorion
Outermost membrane surrounding the fetus
Conception, syn. fertilization
Instant at which the spermatozoa and egg unite
Effacement
Thinning of the cervix in preparation for delivery
Embryo
Fertilized ovum from the time of implantation in the uterus until about the eighth week of gestation
Fetus
Developing embryo from the eighth week of gestation until delivery
Gamete
An organism’s reproductive cell, such as sperm or egg cells
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Hormone secreted by fertilized ovum soon after conception
Lactation
Production of breast milk by the mammary glands after childbirth
Lochia
Discharges from the vagina of mucus, blood, + tissue debris following childbirth
Ovulation
Process of discharging one ovum from an ovary
Placenta
Temporary organ implanted in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood and passes waste
Pregnancy, syn. gestation
State of a female after conception until delivery
Prolactin
Lactation-stimulating hormone
Umbilical cord
Cord composed of blood vessels and connective tissue that is connected to the fetus from the placenta
Zygote
Cell resulting from the union of sperm and oocyte
Cervic/o
Neck, cervix (neck of uterus)
Gyn/o, gynec/o
Woman
Hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, uter/o
Uterus
Men/o, menstru/o
Menstruation
My/o
Muscle (uterus)
Ovari/o, oophor/o
Ovary
Pelv/i
Pelvis, pelvic cavity
Perine/o
Perineum
Saping/o
Salpinx, fallopian tube
Vagin/o, col/o
Vagina
Vulv/o, episi/o
Vulva
Amni/o, amnion/o
Amnion
Caphal/o
Head
Chori/o
Chorion
Embry/o, embryon/o
Embryo, immature form
Fet/o
Fetus
Fund/o
Fundus
Galact/o, lact/o
Milk
Gestat/o
From conception to birth
Gravid/o
Pregnancy
Hydr/o
Water, fluid
Mamm/o, mast/o
Breast, mammary gland
Nat/o
Birth
Olig/o
Scanty, few
Omphal/o
Umbilicus, navel
Pub/o
Pubis
Toc/o
Labor, birth
Ante-, pre-
Before
Dys-
Painful, difficult, abnormal
Ecto-
Outer, outside
Endo-
In, within
Micro-
Small
Multi-
Many
Neo-
New
Nulli-
None
Poly-
Many, much
Post-
After, behind
Supra-
Above
-Arche
Beginning
-Asthenia
Weakness
-Cele
Herniation, protrusion
-Centesis
Puncture to aspirate
-Ia, -ism
Condition of
-Metry
Measurement of
-Partum
Childbirth, labor
-Pexy
Surgical fixation
-Plasia
Formation, growth
-Plasty
Surgical repair, reconstruction
-Rrhage, -rrhagia
Flowing forth
-Rrhaphy
Suture
-Rrhea
Flow, discharge
-Scopy
Process of examining, examination
-Tomy
Incision
Abdominopelvic
Pertaining to the abdomen and pelvis
Chorionic
Pertaining to the chorion
Congenital
Existing at birth
Cystic
Pertaining to or containing cysts
Date of birth (DOB)
Day of birth of a patient
Embryonic
Pertaining to an embryo
Endometrial
Pertaining to or composed of endometrium
Estimated date of confinement (EDC), syn. estimated date of delivery (EDD)
Date at which an infant is expected to be born, calculated from the date of the mother’s last menstrual period
Fetal
Pertaining ot a fetus
Gestational
Pertaining to pregnancy
Gravida
Pregnant woman
In vitro
In an artificial environment
Intrauterine
Within the uterus
Last menstrual period
Date indicating the first day of a patient’s last menstrual period
Meconium
Greenish-black first stool of a newborn
Menarche
Girl’s first menstrual period
Menstruation, syn. menses
Cyclic shedding of endometrial lining and discharge of bloody fluid from the uterus; occurs approximately every 28 days
Neonatal
Pertaining to the period immediately succeeding birth and continuing through the first 28 days of life
Neonate, syn. newborn
Newborn infant
Nulligravida
Woman who has never conceived a child
Nullipara
Woman who has never given birth to a child
Ovarian
Pertaining to an ovary
Para
Woman who has given birth
Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis
Perineal
Pertaining to the perineum
Postpartum
Period of time after birth
Prenatal
Period of time preceding birth
Primigravida
Woman who has had one pregnancy
Suprapubic
Above the pubic bone
Transabdominal
Across of through the abdomen
Transvaginal
Across or through the vagina
Stillbirth
Birth of an infant who has died before delivery
Uterine
Pertaining to the uterus
Adenomyosis
Presence of endometrial tissue growing through the myometrium
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual bleeding
Atrophic vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina due to the thinning and shrinking of the tissues, as well as decreased lubrication
Bacterial vaginosis
Infection of the vagina caused by disruption of the normal balance of bacteria, in which “good” bacteria is replaced by “harmful” bacteria
Cervical dysplasia
Development of abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Dysmenorrhea
Difficult or painful menstruation
Dyspareunia
Condition of experiencing pain during sexual intercourse
Endometriosis
Presence of endometrial tissue somewhere other than the lining of the uterus
Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium
Mastitis
Inflammation of the breast(s)
Mastodynia
Pain in the breast(s)
Menopause
Permanent cessation of menses
Menorrhagia
Irregular or excessive bleeding during menstruation
Metrorrhagia
Irregular bleeding from the uterus between menstrual periods
Myoma, syn. uterine fibroid, fibromyoma
Benign growth that develops from the smooth muscular tissue of the uterus
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Inflammation of the female pelvic organs (ovaries, salpinges, + uterus) caused by infection by any several microorganisms, such as gonococci and chlamydia
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hormone secretion disorder in women, characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, obesity, and numerous other symptoms
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the salpinx
Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
A communicable disease spread from one person to another primarily through sexual contact
Uterine prolapse
Protrusion of the uterus into or through the vagina
Vulvodynia
Chronic vulvar discomfort with complaints of burning and superficial irritation
Abortion (AB), syn. spontaneous abortion (SAB)
Expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before viability
Incomplete abortion
Abortion without expulsion of all products of conception
Abruptio placentae
Premature detachment of a normally situated placenta
Braxton Hicks contractions, syn. false labor
Painless uterine contractions that happen through pregnancy
Breech pregnancy
Pregnancy in which the buttocks of the baby is present at the bottom of the uterus, while the head remains in the upper part of the uterus
Dystocia
Difficult childbirth
Eclampsia
Seizures or coma in a patient with pregnancy-induced hypertension
Ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy occurring when the egg implants itself outside of the uterus
Gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develops or first occurs during pregnancy
Infertility
Inability of a couple to conceive, regardless of the cause
Nuchal cord
Loop(s) of umbilical cord around the neck of a fetus, posing risk of intrauterine hypoxia, fetal distress, or death
Oligohydramnios
Presence of an insufficient amount of amniotic fluid
Placenta previa
Condition in which the placenta is implanted in the lower segment of the uterus instead of the upper part
Postpartum depression
Form of clinical depression occurring soon after giving birth
Preeclampsia
Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy
Prolapsed cord
Slipping of the umbilical cord into the vagina before delivery
Rupture of membranes
Spontaneous rupture of the amniotic sac with release of fluid preceding childbirth
Toxoplasmosis
Infection caused by protozoan parasites transmitted to humans from the droppings of infected cats; if contracted by a pregnant woman, can affect the fetus in many ways, inc. profound physical abnormalities
Atresia
Congenital absence of a normal opening, such as the esophagus or anus
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Failure of an opening or foramen to close between the atria after birth
Cleft lip
Congenital facial defect of the lip
Cleft palate
Congenital fissure in the median line of the palate, often associated with cleft lip
Down syndrome
Congenital, chromosomal condition characterized by mental retardation, retarded growth, + various other physical abnormalities
Gastroschisis
Congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall, usually accompanied by protrusion of intestines
Jaundice of newborn
Inability of an infant’s liver to metabolize bilirubin; usually disappears within 48-72 hrs after birth
Microcephaly
Congenital condition characterized by an abnormally small head; usually associated with mental retardation
Omphalocele
Congenital herniation at the umbilical cord
Patent ductus arteriosus
Failure of fetal circulatory vessel to close after birth
Spina bifida
Congenital condition in which the vertebral column does not close properly; usually is accompanied by protrusion of the spinal cord and/or meninges
Tetralogy of Fallot
Set of four congenital heart defects: ventricular septal defect, pulmonic valve stenosis, malposition of the aorta, + right ventricular hypertrophy
Turner syndrome
Congenital abnormality of the X chromosome that alters the development of females
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Failure of an opening or foramen to close between the ventricles after birth
Amniocentesis
Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac to test for certain problems in the fetus
Apgar score
Numeric result of a test conducted on an infant immediately after delivery to evaluate a newborn’s physical condition quickly
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Removal of a small piece of placenta tissue from the uterus during early pregnancy to test for fetal abnormalities
Group B streptococcus
Test for bacterium that, if transmitted from the mother, can cause life-threatening infection for newborns
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
Microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes (ex: cancer)
Pregnancy test
Blood test to determine the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the fertilized ovum
Quad marker screen
Blood test to determine risk of having child with birth defect
TORCH panel
Group of tests to screen for antibodies to four organisms (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, + herpes simplex) that can be transmitted from mother to fetus and cause congenital infections
Colposcope
Thin lighted endoscope inserted into the vagina to allow for direct visualization of the vagina and cervix
Colposcopy
Visual examination of the cervix and vagina
Fetal ultrasound, syn. obstetric ultrasound
Ultrasound done during pregnancy that uses reflected sound waves to produce a picture of a fetus, the placenta that nourishes it, + the amniotic fluid that surrounds it
Fetoscope
Special type of stethoscope used for listening to a fetus in the womb, usually used after about 18 weeks’ gestation
Hysterosalpingography
X-ray examination of the uterus and salpinges after injection of contrast dye
Mammography
X-ray examination of the breast; used to detect breast tumors
Pelvic ultrasound
Ultrasound of the pelvic area
Transvaginal ultrasound
Ultrasound using a transducer inserted into the vagina to view internal female reproductive organs
Colporrhaphy, syn. anterior/posterior repair
Surgical procedure that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina
Cryosurgery
In gynecology, a procedure that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze a section of the cervix to destroy abnormal or precancerous cervical cells
Dilation and curettage (D&C)
Surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette
Hysterectomy
Surgical excision of the uterus
Total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)
Surgical excision of the uterus and cervix (with or without removal of the ovaries or salpinges) through an incision in the abdomen
Vaginal hysterectomy
Surgical excision of the uterus and cervix through an incision deep inside the vagina
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
Gynecologic procedure that uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop to cut out abnormal tissue in the cervix
Mammoplasty
Surgical repair of the breast
Mastopexy
Fixation procedure that raises and firms the breasts by removing excess skin and tightening the surrounding tissue to reshape the breast
Myomectomy
Surgical removal of myomas
Oophorectomy
Surgical excision of an ovary
Pessary
Appliance of varied form, introduced into the vagina to support the uterus or to correct any displacement
Salpingectomy
Surgical excision of a salpinx
Salpingo-oophorectomy
Surgical excision of a salpinx and an ovary
Uterotomy, syn. hysterotomy
Incision of the uterus
Vulvectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the vulva
Amniotomy, syn. artificial rupture of membranes
Artifical tearing of the amniotic sac to induce or expedite labor
Cerclage
Placement of a nonabsorbable suture around an incompetent cervical opening
Episiotomy
Surgical incision through the perineum to enlarge the vagina and assist in childbirth
Induction of labor
Attempt to start the childbirth process artificially by administering a drug to start labor or by puncturing the amniotic sac
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Process whereby ova are placed in a medium to which spermatozoa are added for fertilization, which produces a zygote; the zygote is then introduced into the uterus with the objective of full-term development
Therapeutic abortion (TAB)
Abortion performed for medical reasons (such as when the mother’s life is threatened by the pregnancy)
Tubal ligation
Sterilization procedure for women in which the salpinges are tied in two places and the tubes between the ligations are removed
Contraceptive
Agent that prevents conception
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Administration of hormones (ex: estrogen, progesterone) to women after menopause or oophorectomy
Abortifacient
Agen that produces abortion
Ovulation induction
Use of hormone therapy to stimulate the development of mature eggs
Oxytocin
Hormone that causes contractions and promotes milk release during lactation; also used to induce or stimulate labor
Tocolytic agent
Agent used to arrest uterine contractions, often used in an attempt o arrest premature labor contractions
Gynecology (GYN)
Medical specialty concerned with diseases of the female genital tract, as well as endocrinology and reproductive physiology of the female
Gynecologist (GYN)
Physician who specializes in gynecology
Midwifery
Practice of providing holistic health care to the childbearing woman and newborn
Midwife
Health professional who practices midwifery
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
Hospital department designed for care of critically ill premature and full-term infants
Neonatology
Medical subspecialty of pediatrics concerned with the medical needs of newborn babies through the 28th day of life
Neonatologist
Pediatrician specializeng in neonatology
Obstetrics (OB)
Medical specialty concerned with childbirth and care of the mother
Obstetrician (OB)
Physician specializing in obstetrics
Pediatrics
Medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of children in health and disease during development from birth through adolescence
Pediatrician
Physician who specializes in pediatrics
Reproductive endocrinology
Medical subspecialty within gynecology and obstetrics that addresses hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction as well as the issue of infertility
Reproductive endocrinologist
Physician who practices reproductive endocrinology
AB
Abortion
CVS
Chorionic villus sampling
D&C
Dilation and curettage
DOB
Date of birth
EDC
Estimated date of confinement
EDD
Estimated date of delivery
GYN
Gynecology; gynecologist
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy
HSG
Hysterosalpingogram
IVF
In vitro ferttilization
LEEP
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure
LMP
Last menstrual period
NICU
Neonatal intesnive care unit
OB
Obstetrics; obstetrician
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
SAB
Spontaneous abortion
STD
Sexually transmitted disease
TAB
Therapeutic abortion
TAH
Total abdominal hysterecomy
