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HOSA MedTerm > Chapter 12- Nervous System and Mental Health > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Nervous System and Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Brain

A

Part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium

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3
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord; assists in breathing, heart rhythm, vision, + consciousness

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4
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem that connects different regions of the brain

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5
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the brainstem that connects the brain and the spinal cord; controls respiration and heartbeat

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6
Q

Midbrain, syn. mesencephalon

A

Part of the brainstem that connects the brainstem to the cerebellum; controls sensory processes

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7
Q

Cerebellum, syn. hindbrain

A

Posterior portion of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscles and maintains balance and muscle tone

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8
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and uppermost portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves (called cerebral hemispheres) and subdivided into lobes

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9
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum; controls higher mental functions

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10
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Front portion of the cerebrum that controls voluntary muscle movement and is involved in emotions

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11
Q

Gyrus

A

Raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum

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12
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Back portion of the cerebrum that controls vision

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13
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Middle-top portion of the cerebrum involved in perception of touch, temperature, + pain

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14
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove or fissure on the surface of the brain

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15
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Portion of the cerebrum below the frontal lobe; controls senses of hearing and smell as well as memory, emotion, speech, + behavior

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16
Q

Diencephalon, syn. hypophysis

A

Area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, + pituitary gland; responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Colorless fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord; acts as a protector and transports nutrients

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18
Q

Meninges

A

Membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Arachnoid

A

Delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges

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20
Q

Dura mater

A

Strong fibrous outermost layer of the meninges

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21
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin inner layer o the meninges that attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Spinal cord

A

Portion of the central nervous system contained in the spinal or vertebral canal; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and body

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23
Q

Ventricle

A

One of 4 interconnected cavities within the brain that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord that consists of all other nerves throughout the body

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25
Q

Nerve

A

Whitish cordlike structure that transmits stimuli from the CNS to another area of the body or from the body to the CNS

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26
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of nerve cell bodies located on the pathway of a nerve

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27
Q

Neuroglia, syn. glia

A

Cells that support and protect nervous tissue

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28
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cells; cells that make up the basic structure of the nervous system and conduct impulses

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29
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the cranium

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30
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine

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31
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum (little brain)

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32
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Brain, cerebrum

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33
Q

Cortic/o

A

Cortex (as in cerebral cortex)

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34
Q

Crani/o

A

Cranium, skull

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35
Q

Dur/o

A

Hard, dura matter

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36
Q

Encephal/o

A

Entire brain

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37
Q

Esthesi/o

A

Sensation, perception

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38
Q

Gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

Ganglion

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39
Q

Gli/o

A

Glue, neuroglia

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40
Q

Mening/o, meningi/o

A

Meninges

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41
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow, spinal cord

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42
Q

Narc/o

A

Stupor, numbness, sleep

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43
Q

Neru/o

A

Nerve

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44
Q

Phas/o

A

Speech

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45
Q

Poli/o

A

Grey

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46
Q

Radicul/o

A

Nerve root

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47
Q

Somn/o, somn/i

A

Sleep

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48
Q

Spin/o

A

Spine

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49
Q

Spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

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50
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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51
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Ventricle

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52
Q

Anix/o

A

Fear, worry

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53
Q

Hallucin/o

A

To wander in one’s mind

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54
Q

Hypn/o

A

Sleep, hypnosis

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55
Q

Ment/o, psych/o, phren/o

A

Mind, mental

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56
Q

Schiz/o

A

Split

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57
Q

Soci/o

A

Social, society

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58
Q

Thym/i, thym/o

A

Mind, emotion, soul

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59
Q

Epi-

A

On, following

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60
Q

Hemi-

A

1/2

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61
Q

Hyper-

A

Above, excessive

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62
Q

Hypo-

A

Below, deficient

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63
Q

Para-

A

Beside

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64
Q

Poly-

A

Many, much

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65
Q

Quadri-

A

Four

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66
Q

Bi-

A

2, 2x

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67
Q

De-

A

Away from, cessation, w/o

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68
Q

Eu-

A

Good, normal

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69
Q

-Ar, -Al

A

Pertaining to

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70
Q

-Gram

A

Record, recording

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71
Q

-Ia

A

Condition of

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72
Q

-Lepsy, -ictal

A

Seizure

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73
Q

-Logist

A

One who specializes in

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74
Q

-Paresis

A

Partial or incomplete paralysis

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75
Q

-Phrenia

A

Mind

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76
Q

-Plegia

A

Paralysis

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77
Q

-Tomy

A

Incision

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78
Q

-Iatrist

A

One who specializes in

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79
Q

-Mania

A

Excited state, obsession

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80
Q

-Philia, -phile

A

Attraction for

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81
Q

-Phobia

A

Abnormal fear, aversion to, sensitivity to

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82
Q

Bipolar

A

Having two ends or extremes

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83
Q

Cerebral

A

Pertaining to the cerebrum

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84
Q

Cerebellar

A

Pertaining to the cerebellum

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85
Q

Crainial

A

Pertaining to the cranium/skull

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86
Q

Dural

A

Pertaining to the dura mater

87
Q

Epidural

A

Pertaining to on or outside the dura mater

88
Q

Glial

A

Pertaining to the glia

89
Q

Ictal

A

Pertaining to or caused by a stroke or seizure

90
Q

Ischemic

A

Pertaining to a lack of blood flow

91
Q

Meningeal

A

Pertaining to the meninges

92
Q

Mental

A

Pertaining to the mind

93
Q

Neural

A

Pertaining to the nerves or any structure consisting of nerves

94
Q

Postical

A

Pertaining to following a seizure

95
Q

Radicular

A

Pertaining to a root (nerve)

96
Q

Subdural

A

Pertaining to below the dura mater

97
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Degenerative progressive brain disease that results in impairment of language function, inability to calculate, + deterioration of judgement

98
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of long-term memory

99
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), syn. Lou Gehrig disease

A

Condition marked by a progressive deteriation of motor nerve cells; leads to muscle weakness and eventual paralysis and death

100
Q

Aphasia

A

Impaired comprehension or formulation of speech, reading, or writing caused by damage to the brain

101
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination; may involve the limbs, head, or trunk

102
Q

Bell palsy

A

Paralysis of facial muscles, often on side of the face, caused by a dysfunction of a cranial nerve

103
Q

Cerebral aneurysm

A

Widening of a blood vessel in the brain, usually due to a weakness in the wall of an artery

104
Q

Cerebral embolism

A

Obstruction or occlusion of a vessel in the brain by an embolus

105
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Defect of motor power and coordination related to damage to the brain occurring prenatally, perinatally, or in the first 3 years of life

106
Q

Cerebral thrombosis

A

Clot within a blood vessel of the brain

107
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), syn. stroke

A

Damage to the brain caused by an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain

108
Q

Coma

A

State of profound unconsciousness

109
Q

Concussion

A

Injury to the brain resulting from a blow or violent shaking

110
Q

Disorientation

A

Loss of sense of familiarity with one’s surroundings (time, place, + self)

111
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the entire brain

112
Q

Epilepsy

A

Disorder to the central nervous system (CNS) that is usually characterized by seizure activity and some alteration of consciousness

113
Q

Herpes zoster, syn. shingles

A

Painful viral infection affecting the peripheral nerves and causing an eruption of blisters that follows the course of the affected nerves; closely related to varicella (syn. chicken pox)

114
Q

Incoherence

A

Confusion; denoting unconnected speech or thoughts

115
Q

Lethargy

A

Feeling of sluggishness or stupor

116
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Partial or incomplete paralysis affecting one side of the body

117
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Condition involving increased cerebrospinal fluid; leads to enlargement of the cerebral ventricles and an increase in intracranial pressure; may cause cranial enlargement

118
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

119
Q

Meningomylocele

A

Protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebra

120
Q

Migraine

A

Recurrent syndrome characterized by unilateral head pain, vertigo, nausea, + sensitivity to light

121
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Common disorder of the CNS that causes sclerotic patches (plaques) in the brain and spinal cord; symptoms: visual loss, weakness, paresthesias, bladder abnormalities, + mood alterations

122
Q

Narcolepsy, syn. excessive sleep disorder

A

Neurologic condition consisting of recurring episodes of sleep during the day and often disrupted nocturnal sleep

123
Q

Neuralgia

A

Pain in a nerve

124
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of a nerve

125
Q

Neuropathy

A

Disease of the nerves

126
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body

127
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensation, such as numbness, tingling, or “pins and needles”

128
Q

Parkinsonism, syn. Parkinson disease

A

Degenerative disorder of the CNS that often impairs the sufferer’s motor skills and speech’ most notably characterized by tremors of the limbs

129
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

130
Q

Polyneuritis

A

Inflammation of a number of peripheral nerves

131
Q

Radiculitis

A

Inflammation of the nerve roots

132
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Disease of the nerve roots

133
Q

Seizure

A

Violent spasm or series of jerky movements of the face, trunk, or limbs

134
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep

135
Q

Stupor

A

State of impaired consciousness in which the person shows a marked reduction in reactivity to environmental stimuli

136
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Collection of blood below the dura mater resulting from a broken blood vessel, usually due to trauma

137
Q

Syncope, syn. syncopal episode

A

Fainting, or an episode of fainting, usually due to lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

138
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

Tic disorder characterized by intermittent motor and vocal manifestations beginning in childhood

139
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Sudden, brief, + temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain

140
Q

Anxiety

A

Feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread

141
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

Condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by short attention span, rapid boredom, impulsive behavior, + hyperactivity

142
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Type of mental disorder with an irrational fear of leaving home and going out into the open; usually associated with panic attacks

143
Q

Autism

A

Disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, withdrawal of social contacts, repetitive movements, + other mannerisms; severity varies from mild (functional) to severe (catatonic)

144
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (mania) and depression

145
Q

Catatonia

A

Phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive, sometimes remaining in a fixed position without moving or talking

146
Q

Claustrophobia

A

Fear of being shut in or enclosed

147
Q

Compulsion

A

Uncontrollable impulses to perform an act, often repetitively, to relieve anxiety; if the compulsive act is prevented, the anxiety becomes fully manifested

148
Q

Delirium

A

An altered state with confusion, distractibility hallucinations, + overactivity caused by medication or a metabolic disorder

149
Q

Delusion

A

False belief or decision that is strongly held and remains unchanged regardless of any outside factors

150
Q

Dementia

A

Usually progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual functions, without impairment of perception or consciousness; most commonly associated with structural disease

151
Q

Depression

A

Mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, + lack of interest or pleasure in activities

152
Q

Euphoria

A

Exaggerated feeling of well-being

153
Q

Hallucination

A

False perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli; can be visual, auditory, or related to other senses

154
Q

Mania

A

Emotional disorder characterized by euphoria or irritability as well as rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, + poor judgement; usually occurs in bipolar disorder

155
Q

Neurosis

A

Psychological or behavioral disorder characterized by excessive anxiety

156
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

Condition associated with recurrence and intrusive thoughts, images, + repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety

157
Q

Panic disorder

A

Form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear of social or personal situations

158
Q

Paranoia

A

Mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm

159
Q

Phobia

A

Extreme persistent fear of a specific object or situation

160
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threating catastrophic events such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, + war

161
Q

Psychosis

A

Mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations

162
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thought, hallucinations and delusions, + withdrawn or bizarre behavior

163
Q

Babinski sign

A

Toe movement elicited by manipulation in neurologic test performed on the sole of the foot to indicate injury to the brain or spinal nervles

164
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

Radiography of blood vessels in the brain after injection of radiopaque contrast material

165
Q

Deep tendon reflex (DTR)

A

Evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous system; generally, decreased reflexes indicate a problem with the peripheral nervous system, and lively or exaggerated reflexes indicate a problem with the central nerovus system

166
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Electrical recording of activity of the brain

167
Q

Evoked potential studies

A

Diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli

168
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

Neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness

169
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis

170
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used for diagnosing soft tissue

171
Q

Myelogram

A

Radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space and its contents

172
Q

Polysomnography

A

Monitoring and recording of normal and abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

173
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Nuclear medicine procedure that shows blood flow in the brain that can correspond to various brain activity

174
Q

Craniectomy

A

Excision of part of the cranium to access the brain

175
Q

Craniotomy

A

Incision into the skull to access the brain

176
Q

Ganglionectomy

A

Excision of a ganglion

177
Q

Laminectomy

A

Excision of the thin plate of vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord

178
Q

Neurolysis

A

Separation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions

179
Q

Neuroplasty

A

Surgical repair of the nerves

180
Q

Psychotherapy

A

General term for an interaction in which a trained mental health professional tries to help a patient resolve emotional and mental distress

181
Q

Radicotomy, syn. rhizotomy

A

Incision into the spinal nerve roots to relieve pain or spastic paralysis

182
Q

Analgesic

A

Drug that relieves pain

183
Q

Anaesthetic

A

Compound that provides temporary loss of sensation

184
Q

Antianxiety agent, syn. anxiolytic

A

Category of drugs used to treat anxiety without causing excessive sedation

185
Q

Anticonvulsant

A

Drug that prevents or arrests seizures

186
Q

Antidepressant

A

Drug used to treat depression

187
Q

Antiinflammatory

A

Drug that reduces inflammation

188
Q

Epidural injection

A

Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of an analgesic into the epidural space

189
Q

Hypnotic

A

Drug that promotes sleep

190
Q

Neuroleptic

A

Class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, particularly schizophrenia

191
Q

Psychotropic

A

Drug used to treat mental illness

192
Q

Sedative

A

Drug that quiets nervous excitement

193
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG) technician

A

A person who is trained to set up and perform electroencephalograms (EEGs) (tests that evaluate the electrical functions of the brain)

194
Q

Neurology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of conditions involving the nervous system

195
Q

Neurologist

A

Physician who specializes in neurology

196
Q

Psychiatry

A

Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment fo mental disorders as practiced by a licensed medical doctor who may prescribe medications

197
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Physician who specializes in psychology

198
Q

Psychology

A

Medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of mental processes, behaviors, + abnormal/irregular mood disorders as practiced by a trained professional who is not a medical doctor and is not authorized to prescribe psychotropic medications

199
Q

Psychologist

A

One who specializes in psychology

200
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

201
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

202
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

203
Q

CP

A

Cerebral palsy

204
Q

SCF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

205
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accidnet

206
Q

DTR

A

Deep tendon reflex

207
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

208
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

209
Q

MRI

A

Magetic resonance imaging

210
Q

MS

A

Multiple sclerosis

211
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

212
Q

PET

A

Positron emission tomography

213
Q

PTSD

A

Posttraumantci stress disorder

214
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

HOSA MedTerm (17 decks)

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