Chapter 12- Nervous System and Mental Health Flashcards
1
Q
Central nervous system (CNS)
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Brain
A
Part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
3
Q
Brainstem
A
Connects the brain to the spinal cord; assists in breathing, heart rhythm, vision, + consciousness
4
Q
Pons
A
Part of the brainstem that connects different regions of the brain
5
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
Part of the brainstem that connects the brain and the spinal cord; controls respiration and heartbeat
6
Q
Midbrain, syn. mesencephalon
A
Part of the brainstem that connects the brainstem to the cerebellum; controls sensory processes
7
Q
Cerebellum, syn. hindbrain
A
Posterior portion of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscles and maintains balance and muscle tone
8
Q
Cerebrum
A
Largest and uppermost portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves (called cerebral hemispheres) and subdivided into lobes
9
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Outer layer of the cerebrum; controls higher mental functions
10
Q
Frontal lobe
A
Front portion of the cerebrum that controls voluntary muscle movement and is involved in emotions
11
Q
Gyrus
A
Raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum
12
Q
Occipital lobe
A
Back portion of the cerebrum that controls vision
13
Q
Parietal lobe
A
Middle-top portion of the cerebrum involved in perception of touch, temperature, + pain
14
Q
Sulcus
A
Groove or fissure on the surface of the brain
15
Q
Temporal lobe
A
Portion of the cerebrum below the frontal lobe; controls senses of hearing and smell as well as memory, emotion, speech, + behavior
16
Q
Diencephalon, syn. hypophysis
A
Area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, + pituitary gland; responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex
17
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
Colorless fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord; acts as a protector and transports nutrients
18
Q
Meninges
A
Membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord
19
Q
Arachnoid
A
Delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges
20
Q
Dura mater
A
Strong fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
21
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Pia mater
A
Thin inner layer o the meninges that attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord
22
Q
Spinal cord
A
Portion of the central nervous system contained in the spinal or vertebral canal; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and body
23
Q
Ventricle
A
One of 4 interconnected cavities within the brain that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
24
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
Part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord that consists of all other nerves throughout the body
25
Nerve
Whitish cordlike structure that transmits stimuli from the CNS to another area of the body or from the body to the CNS
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Ganglion
Group of nerve cell bodies located on the pathway of a nerve
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Neuroglia, syn. glia
Cells that support and protect nervous tissue
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Neuron
Nerve cells; cells that make up the basic structure of the nervous system and conduct impulses
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Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the cranium
30
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine
31
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum (little brain)
32
Cerebr/o
Brain, cerebrum
33
Cortic/o
Cortex (as in cerebral cortex)
34
Crani/o
Cranium, skull
35
Dur/o
Hard, dura matter
36
Encephal/o
Entire brain
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Esthesi/o
Sensation, perception
38
Gangli/o, ganglion/o
Ganglion
39
Gli/o
Glue, neuroglia
40
Mening/o, meningi/o
Meninges
41
Myel/o
Bone marrow, spinal cord
42
Narc/o
Stupor, numbness, sleep
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Neru/o
Nerve
44
Phas/o
Speech
45
Poli/o
Grey
46
Radicul/o
Nerve root
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Somn/o, somn/i
Sleep
48
Spin/o
Spine
49
Spondyl/o, vertebr/o
Vertebra
50
Thalam/o
Thalamus
51
Ventricul/o
Ventricle
52
Anix/o
Fear, worry
53
Hallucin/o
To wander in one's mind
54
Hypn/o
Sleep, hypnosis
55
Ment/o, psych/o, phren/o
Mind, mental
56
Schiz/o
Split
57
Soci/o
Social, society
58
Thym/i, thym/o
Mind, emotion, soul
59
Epi-
On, following
60
Hemi-
1/2
61
Hyper-
Above, excessive
62
Hypo-
Below, deficient
63
Para-
Beside
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Poly-
Many, much
65
Quadri-
Four
66
Bi-
2, 2x
67
De-
Away from, cessation, w/o
68
Eu-
Good, normal
69
-Ar, -Al
Pertaining to
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-Gram
Record, recording
71
-Ia
Condition of
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-Lepsy, -ictal
Seizure
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-Logist
One who specializes in
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-Paresis
Partial or incomplete paralysis
75
-Phrenia
Mind
76
-Plegia
Paralysis
77
-Tomy
Incision
78
-Iatrist
One who specializes in
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-Mania
Excited state, obsession
80
-Philia, -phile
Attraction for
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-Phobia
Abnormal fear, aversion to, sensitivity to
82
Bipolar
Having two ends or extremes
83
Cerebral
Pertaining to the cerebrum
84
Cerebellar
Pertaining to the cerebellum
85
Crainial
Pertaining to the cranium/skull
86
Dural
Pertaining to the dura mater
87
Epidural
Pertaining to on or outside the dura mater
88
Glial
Pertaining to the glia
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Ictal
Pertaining to or caused by a stroke or seizure
90
Ischemic
Pertaining to a lack of blood flow
91
Meningeal
Pertaining to the meninges
92
Mental
Pertaining to the mind
93
Neural
Pertaining to the nerves or any structure consisting of nerves
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Postical
Pertaining to following a seizure
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Radicular
Pertaining to a root (nerve)
96
Subdural
Pertaining to below the dura mater
97
Alzheimer disease
Degenerative progressive brain disease that results in impairment of language function, inability to calculate, + deterioration of judgement
98
Amnesia
Loss of long-term memory
99
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), syn. Lou Gehrig disease
Condition marked by a progressive deteriation of motor nerve cells; leads to muscle weakness and eventual paralysis and death
100
Aphasia
Impaired comprehension or formulation of speech, reading, or writing caused by damage to the brain
101
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination; may involve the limbs, head, or trunk
102
Bell palsy
Paralysis of facial muscles, often on side of the face, caused by a dysfunction of a cranial nerve
103
Cerebral aneurysm
Widening of a blood vessel in the brain, usually due to a weakness in the wall of an artery
104
Cerebral embolism
Obstruction or occlusion of a vessel in the brain by an embolus
105
Cerebral palsy
Defect of motor power and coordination related to damage to the brain occurring prenatally, perinatally, or in the first 3 years of life
106
Cerebral thrombosis
Clot within a blood vessel of the brain
107
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), syn. stroke
Damage to the brain caused by an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain
108
Coma
State of profound unconsciousness
109
Concussion
Injury to the brain resulting from a blow or violent shaking
110
Disorientation
Loss of sense of familiarity with one's surroundings (time, place, + self)
111
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the entire brain
112
Epilepsy
Disorder to the central nervous system (CNS) that is usually characterized by seizure activity and some alteration of consciousness
113
Herpes zoster, syn. shingles
Painful viral infection affecting the peripheral nerves and causing an eruption of blisters that follows the course of the affected nerves; closely related to varicella (syn. chicken pox)
114
Incoherence
Confusion; denoting unconnected speech or thoughts
115
Lethargy
Feeling of sluggishness or stupor
116
Hemiparesis
Partial or incomplete paralysis affecting one side of the body
117
Hydrocephalus
Condition involving increased cerebrospinal fluid; leads to enlargement of the cerebral ventricles and an increase in intracranial pressure; may cause cranial enlargement
118
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges
119
Meningomylocele
Protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebra
120
Migraine
Recurrent syndrome characterized by unilateral head pain, vertigo, nausea, + sensitivity to light
121
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Common disorder of the CNS that causes sclerotic patches (plaques) in the brain and spinal cord; symptoms: visual loss, weakness, paresthesias, bladder abnormalities, + mood alterations
122
Narcolepsy, syn. excessive sleep disorder
Neurologic condition consisting of recurring episodes of sleep during the day and often disrupted nocturnal sleep
123
Neuralgia
Pain in a nerve
124
Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve
125
Neuropathy
Disease of the nerves
126
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body
127
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation, such as numbness, tingling, or "pins and needles"
128
Parkinsonism, syn. Parkinson disease
Degenerative disorder of the CNS that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech' most notably characterized by tremors of the limbs
129
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
130
Polyneuritis
Inflammation of a number of peripheral nerves
131
Radiculitis
Inflammation of the nerve roots
132
Radiculopathy
Disease of the nerve roots
133
Seizure
Violent spasm or series of jerky movements of the face, trunk, or limbs
134
Sleep apnea
Disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep
135
Stupor
State of impaired consciousness in which the person shows a marked reduction in reactivity to environmental stimuli
136
Subdural hematoma
Collection of blood below the dura mater resulting from a broken blood vessel, usually due to trauma
137
Syncope, syn. syncopal episode
Fainting, or an episode of fainting, usually due to lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
138
Tourette syndrome
Tic disorder characterized by intermittent motor and vocal manifestations beginning in childhood
139
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Sudden, brief, + temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain
140
Anxiety
Feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread
141
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by short attention span, rapid boredom, impulsive behavior, + hyperactivity
142
Agoraphobia
Type of mental disorder with an irrational fear of leaving home and going out into the open; usually associated with panic attacks
143
Autism
Disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, withdrawal of social contacts, repetitive movements, + other mannerisms; severity varies from mild (functional) to severe (catatonic)
144
Bipolar disorder
Disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (mania) and depression
145
Catatonia
Phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive, sometimes remaining in a fixed position without moving or talking
146
Claustrophobia
Fear of being shut in or enclosed
147
Compulsion
Uncontrollable impulses to perform an act, often repetitively, to relieve anxiety; if the compulsive act is prevented, the anxiety becomes fully manifested
148
Delirium
An altered state with confusion, distractibility hallucinations, + overactivity caused by medication or a metabolic disorder
149
Delusion
False belief or decision that is strongly held and remains unchanged regardless of any outside factors
150
Dementia
Usually progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual functions, without impairment of perception or consciousness; most commonly associated with structural disease
151
Depression
Mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, + lack of interest or pleasure in activities
152
Euphoria
Exaggerated feeling of well-being
153
Hallucination
False perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli; can be visual, auditory, or related to other senses
154
Mania
Emotional disorder characterized by euphoria or irritability as well as rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, + poor judgement; usually occurs in bipolar disorder
155
Neurosis
Psychological or behavioral disorder characterized by excessive anxiety
156
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Condition associated with recurrence and intrusive thoughts, images, + repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety
157
Panic disorder
Form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear of social or personal situations
158
Paranoia
Mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm
159
Phobia
Extreme persistent fear of a specific object or situation
160
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threating catastrophic events such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, + war
161
Psychosis
Mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations
162
Schizophrenia
Common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thought, hallucinations and delusions, + withdrawn or bizarre behavior
163
Babinski sign
Toe movement elicited by manipulation in neurologic test performed on the sole of the foot to indicate injury to the brain or spinal nervles
164
Cerebral angiography
Radiography of blood vessels in the brain after injection of radiopaque contrast material
165
Deep tendon reflex (DTR)
Evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous system; generally, decreased reflexes indicate a problem with the peripheral nervous system, and lively or exaggerated reflexes indicate a problem with the central nerovus system
166
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrical recording of activity of the brain
167
Evoked potential studies
Diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli
168
Glasgow coma scale
Neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness
169
Lumbar puncture (LP)
Process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis
170
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used for diagnosing soft tissue
171
Myelogram
Radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space and its contents
172
Polysomnography
Monitoring and recording of normal and abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
173
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Nuclear medicine procedure that shows blood flow in the brain that can correspond to various brain activity
174
Craniectomy
Excision of part of the cranium to access the brain
175
Craniotomy
Incision into the skull to access the brain
176
Ganglionectomy
Excision of a ganglion
177
Laminectomy
Excision of the thin plate of vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
178
Neurolysis
Separation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions
179
Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of the nerves
180
Psychotherapy
General term for an interaction in which a trained mental health professional tries to help a patient resolve emotional and mental distress
181
Radicotomy, syn. rhizotomy
Incision into the spinal nerve roots to relieve pain or spastic paralysis
182
Analgesic
Drug that relieves pain
183
Anaesthetic
Compound that provides temporary loss of sensation
184
Antianxiety agent, syn. anxiolytic
Category of drugs used to treat anxiety without causing excessive sedation
185
Anticonvulsant
Drug that prevents or arrests seizures
186
Antidepressant
Drug used to treat depression
187
Antiinflammatory
Drug that reduces inflammation
188
Epidural injection
Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of an analgesic into the epidural space
189
Hypnotic
Drug that promotes sleep
190
Neuroleptic
Class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, particularly schizophrenia
191
Psychotropic
Drug used to treat mental illness
192
Sedative
Drug that quiets nervous excitement
193
Electroencephalography (EEG) technician
A person who is trained to set up and perform electroencephalograms (EEGs) (tests that evaluate the electrical functions of the brain)
194
Neurology
Medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of conditions involving the nervous system
195
Neurologist
Physician who specializes in neurology
196
Psychiatry
Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment fo mental disorders as practiced by a licensed medical doctor who may prescribe medications
197
Psychiatrist
Physician who specializes in psychology
198
Psychology
Medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of mental processes, behaviors, + abnormal/irregular mood disorders as practiced by a trained professional who is not a medical doctor and is not authorized to prescribe psychotropic medications
199
Psychologist
One who specializes in psychology
200
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
201
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
202
CNS
Central nervous system
203
CP
Cerebral palsy
204
SCF
Cerebrospinal fluid
205
CVA
Cerebrovascular accidnet
206
DTR
Deep tendon reflex
207
EEG
Electroencephalogram
208
LP
Lumbar puncture
209
MRI
Magetic resonance imaging
210
MS
Multiple sclerosis
211
OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
212
PET
Positron emission tomography
213
PTSD
Posttraumantci stress disorder
214
TIA
Transient ischemic attack
