Chapter 15- Endocrine System Flashcards
Adrenal glands. syn. suprarenal glands
Pair of glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, _ stress reactions; each gland consists of an outer portion (adrenal cortex) and an inner portion (adrenal medulla)
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones that aid carbohydrate and glucose metabolism
Ovaries
Female reproductive glands attached to the uterus that produce hormones and release eggs
Parathyroid glands
4 small glands located behind the thyroid that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream and bones
Pineal gland, syn. pineal body
Small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wame cycles + reproduction
Pituitary gland
Pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; also known as the “master gland”; divided into anterior and posterior lobes
Testes, syn. testicles
Male reproductive glands located in the scrotum, which produce sperm and testosterone
Thymus gland
Gland in the mediastinum that secretes a hormone that regulates the immune system
Thyroid gland
Gland located below the larynx that secretes a hormone that is needed for cell metabolism and energy; the largest endocrine gland; has 2 lobes connected by a tissue called the isthmus
Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex
Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Regulates the ovaries and testicles; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)- growth hormone (GH)
Regulates body growth
Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)- luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males
Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)- prolactin
Stimulates milk production
Pituitary gland (anterior lobe)- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland
Pituitary gland (posterior lobe)- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates water absorption by the kidneys
Pituitary gland (posterior lobe)- oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions
Pineal gland- melatonin
Affects sleep-wake cycles + reproduction
Thyroid gland- thyroxine (T4)
Regulates metabolism
Thyroid gland- triiodothyronine (T3)
Regulates metabolism
Parathyroid glands- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates calcium + phosphorus levels in blood and bones
Islets of Langerhans- insulin
Regulates blood glucose levels
Thymus gland- thymosin
Regulates immune responses
Adrenal cortex- aldosterone
Regulates electrolyte levels
Adrenal cortex- cortisol
Aids in metabolism and aids the body during stress
Adrenal medulla- epinephrine + norepinephrine
Aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Ovaries- estrogen + progesterone
Affect development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Testes- testosterone
Affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics
Acr/o
Extremity, tip
Aden/o
Gland
Adren/o, adrenal/o
Adrenal glands
Calc/i
Calcium
Cortic/o
Cortex
Crin/o
To secrete
Dips/o
Thirst
Endocrin/o
Endocrine
Gluc/o, glucos/o, glyco/o, glycos/o
Glucose, sugar
Hormon/o
Hormone
Kal/i
Potassium
Natr/i
Sodium
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Parathyroid/o
Parathydroid glands
Thym/o
Thymus gland
Thyr/o, thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
Eu-
Good, normal
Hyper-
Above, excessive
Hypo-
Below, deficient
Poly-
Many, much
-Al, -ic
Pertaining to
-Emia
Blood (condition of)
-Ism
Condition of
-Megaly
Enlargement
-Oid
Resembling
-Osis
Abnormal condition
-Penia
Deficiency
-Uria
Urine, urination
Cortical
Pertaining to the cortex
Endogenous
Produced inside the body
Euthyroid
Normal thyroid
Exogenous
Produced outside of the body
Metabolism
All physical + chemical changes that occur in tissue
Pancreatic
Pertaining to the pancreas
Thymic
Pertaining the thymus gland
Acidosis
Abnormal accumulation of acidic waste products in the blood
Acromegaly
Enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive production of growth hormone
Addison disease
Disease caused by deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by darkening of the skin, weakness, and loss of appetite
Adenalgia
Pain in a gland
Adenitis
Inflammation of a gland
Adenomegaly
Enlargement of a gland
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of the adrenal gland
Adrenomegaly
Enlargement of an adrenal gland
Adrenopathy
Disease of the adrenal gland
Calcipenia
Deficiency of calcium
Congenital hypothyroidism
Condition caused by absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland present at birth characterized by mental deficiency and dwarfism (formerly known as cretinism_
Cushing syndrome
Disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen, moon-shaped face, + and skin pigmentation
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland, resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood, + patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin effectively; usually develops in middle-aged/older adults, and patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death
Endocrinopathy
Disease of an endocrine gland
Exophthalmos
Protruding or bulging eyes
Gigantism
Condition of excessive body growth caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
Glucosuria, glycosuria
Glucose in the urine
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves disease
Condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos
Hashimoto thyroiditis, syn. Hashimoto disease
Autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis
Hirsutism
Excessive hair growth or hair growth in unusual places (ex: beard growth on woman)
Hypercalcemia
High levels of calcium in the blood
Hyperglycemia
High levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
Hyperkalemia
High levels of potassium in the blood
Hypernatremia
High levels of sodium in the blood
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive hormone production by the parathyroid glands
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland
Hypocalcemia
Low levels of calcium in the blood
Hypoglycemia
Low levels of glucose or sugar in the blood
Hypokalemia
Low levels of potassium in the blood
Hyponatremia
Low levels of sodium in blood
Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient hormone production by the parathyroid glands
Hypothyroidism
Deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland
Ketosis
Excessive ketones in the blood
Myxedema
Severe hypothyroidism in an adult characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, + sluggishness
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyuria
Excessive + frequent urination
Tetany
Spasms of nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone
Thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid gland
Thyromegaly
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)
Blood glucose, syn. blood sugar
Test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood
Electrolyte panel
Blood test to measure the amount of sodium, potassium, chloride, + carbon dioxide in the blood
Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
Blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours
Glucometer
Device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a fingerstick
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering of a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body’s ability to metabolize glucose
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous few months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled
Thyroid function tests
Blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in blood
Thyroid-stimulating hormone level
Blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
Thyroxine level
Blood test measuring the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU), syn. uptake test
Test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid
Thyroid scan
Scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive substance, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, + position of the thyroid gland
Adenectomy
Excision of a gland
Adrenalectomy
Excision of an adrenal gland
Pancreatectomy
Excision of the pancreas
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of a parathyroid gland
Thymectomy
Excision of the thymus gland
Thyroidectomy
Excision of the thyroid gland
Thyroidotomy
Incision into a thyroid gland
Thyroparathyroidectomy
Excision of the thyroid + parathyroid glands
Antidiabetic
Drug used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in blood
Antithyroid
Drug used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), syn. insulin pump
Infusion of insulin to subcutaneous tissues by a device worn on the body
Insulin therapy
Method used to treat diabetes mellitus by replacing natural insulin
Hormone replacement therapy
Method used to replace a hormone normally produced by the body
Endocrinology
Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
Endocrinologist
Physician who specializes in endocrinology
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
CSII
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
DI
Diabetes insipidus
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
Diabetes mellitus
FBG
Fasting blood glucose
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
Growth hormone
GTT
Glucose tolerance testing
LH
Luteinizing hormone
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
RAIU
Radioactive iodine uptake
T3
Triiodothyronine
T4
Thyroxine
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone