Chapter 5 Cells Flashcards
subatomic particles that make an atom
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Atoms
Consist of subatomic particles that all substance are composed of
HONC
The atoms that make 95% of the human body
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
-Carbon
Molecules
A group of two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond and arranged in particular patterns to chemical componds
Organelles
a structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body
Cell
Basic functional units of all living matter; Differ in size, shape, structure, and function
Tissues
a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
Organs
a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
Organ system
Several organs working together to perform a bodily function
Protoplasm
the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell that food elements are found; including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and orgaelles
Principle parts of a cell
Cytoplasm, Nucleus, and the cell membrane/plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
contains cytosol and cytoplasmic organelles; the innards of the cell wall other then the nucleus
Nucleus
the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes
cell membrane/plasma membrane
a thin, barrier that surrounds every living cell, regulating the passage of molecules in and out of the cell
Cytosol
the fluid component of the cytoplasm, essentially the jelly-like liquid within a cell; 75-90% water
Cytoplasmic Organelles
small structures that float in the cytoplasm of a cell
Differentation
the repeated division of the ovum during early development stages, resulting in specialized cells that differ from one another
Mitosis
The process of cell division in which a cell divides into two cells identical to the parent cell
5 stages of mitosis
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
Interphase
Time cell is maturing, metabolizing, and functioning according to design
Prophase
When the DNA becomes larger and more defined; The chromatids begin to migrate to opposite sides of the cell
Metaphase
The chromosomes arrange themselves around the equatorial plane and are held in place by the microtubules
Anaphase
duplicated chromatids are separated and pulled tword the polls of the cell
Telophase
The chromosomes begin to uncoil; new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomses
Meiosis
cell division that takes place in the sex organs to produce the egg and sperm required for fertilizaton
4 activities of cells
Vegetative, Growth, Reproduction, and Specialization
Vegetative
maintence of the cells such as absorption, assimilation, and excretion of waste products
Growth
Building essential proteins for growth, repair, and adapting
Reproduction
process of meiosis or indirect divison of cells
Specialization
differenct cells perform different functions; contractibility, secrete and absorb, and nerve impulses
Metabolism
the process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are norished and carry out their activities
Phases of metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism
Anabolism
The process of building larger molecules from smaller ones; uses up stored energy from catabolism
Catabolism
Breaking down larger complex molecules into smaller ones; while harvesting their energy and storing it
Cell membrane
Transports materials between the outside and inside of the cell, helps control cell activity, and contains cellular material
Endoplasmic reticulum
There are two varieties: a smooth type that produces lipid and rough type both transport materials within the cells
Golgi apparatus
Collects the products of cell synthesis, synthesises carbohydrates, holds proteins molucles for secretion
Lysosome
Digests proteins, carbohydrates, and other foreign substances that enter the cell
MItochondria
Contains enzymes for releasing energy by breaking down glucose and generating most of the cell’s energy
Nucleolus
Forms ribosomes
Nucleus
Stores the genetic code for each cell and the body as a whole
Ribosome
Sythesizes protine
Vacuole
Involved in rapid ejection of fluids or introduction of substances
Chromosomes
thread-like structures located within the nucleus of a cell, composed of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
