Ch 5 Muscular system Flashcards
Muscular system
Responsible for locomotion and all motor functions
EX: Breathing, Moving fluids such as urine/blood, Transporting food through the digestive system, and provide stability, movement, heat regulation.
Types of muscles
Cardiac: Involuntary muscles only found in the heart
Skeletal/nonstriated: Voluntary and striated muscles attached to skeleton and in turn fastened to other bone, skin, or other muscle. These are moved by the CNS
Smooth: Involuntary, nonstratened that does not attach to bone. These are moved by the ANS
Irritability/Excitability
Capacity of a muscle to recive and react to various stimuli
Contractility
The ability to contract or shorten and there by excert force
Elasticity
Ability to return to return to its original shape after being contracted or streched
Extensibility
Ability for muscle to be streched
Muscle tissue
Tissue that contracts to produce movement
Connective tissues
Form a framework within the body; binding and connecting a wide range of structures in the body providing support
Fascia
Connective tissue that organizes muscles into functional groups
Aponeurosis
a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones, other muscles, or skin
periosteum
Connective tissue membrane that covers the bone and allows the connection of tendons
Superficial fascia
Just below the skin covering the entire muscular system
Deep fascia
penetrates to the bone, separating muscle groups, covering indivisual muscles, and holding them in position but alowing movement
Epimysium
the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle
Perimysium
middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual bundles of muscle fibers within a muscle
Endomysium
center layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers/muscle cell
Myofascial
Combination of muscle and fascial tissue
Sarcolemma
Cell wall of the muscle cell
Sarcomeres
Smallest functional unit of the muscle cell contains the acyin and myosin filaments
Myosin
Protein that forms filaments, involved in muscle contraction
Actin
a protine in muscle tissue that forms filaments that interact with myosin filaments to cause muscle contration
Sarcomere
the basic repeating unit of muscle fibers, responsible for generating force and contraction
Transverse tubules
System of channels within the muscle cell containing extracellular fluid that helps transmit nerve impulses throughout the cell
Sarcoplasmic recticulum
Network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that releases calcium ions, causing muscle contractions
Neuromuscular junction
connection point of the motor nerve and the muscle cell
motor unit
consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls
Aerobic cellular respiration
makes energy for reconsituting ADP in cell mitochondrion
Anaerobic respiration
is a process in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen
muscle fatigue
condition in which the muscle ceases to respond because oxygen debt from rapid or prolonged muscle contractions
Type 1 fibers (postural)
slow twitching fibers with high resistance to fatigue
Type 2b (phasic)
fast twitch that fatigue easily, high velocity contractions for short periods
fascicles
groups of muscle fibers
parallel muscle and types
has muscle fibers that run parallel to the length of the muscle
Parallel: Fascicle are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle and taper at either end in a flat tendon
Fusiform: Fascicle are nearly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle, middle wider and ends taper tword the tendon
Circular: Fascicle are parallel and form a concentric circle pattern
Triangular: Fascicle are parallel and streched over a wide area and conver the central tendon, giving triangle appearence
pennate muscle and types
has fibers that are arranged at an angle to the tendon
Unipennate: Fascicles are arranged on one sides of the tendon
Bipennate: Fascicles are arranged on both sides of the central tendon
Multipennate:Central tendon divides into two or more branches with fascicles forming a bipennate arrangement on each of the tendons
Origin of a muscle
The point where the end of a muscle is anchored to an immovable section of the skeleton
Intersection of a muscle
the point where tendons from different muscle groups cross over each other
Isometric contraction
muscle contracts without changing length
Isotonic contraction
muscle contracts and changes length
eccentric
when muscles lengthen
concentric
when muscles shorten
Prime mover/agonist
The primary muscle responsible for for a specific movement
Antagonist
The muscle that performs the opposite movement of the agonist
Synergists
Muscles that assist the agonist
Fixator
Muscles that act to stabilize a body part so that another muscle can act on an adjacent limb or body part
Anterior
Before, or in front of
Posterior
Behind, or in back of
Superior
Situated above
Inferior
Situated lower
Oblique/anguli
At an angle
Levator
That which lifts
Dorsal
Behind,or in back of
Medial
Pertaining to the middle or center
Dilator
That which expands or enlarges
Depressor
That which presses or draws down
Proximal
Nearer to the center or medial lines
Distal
Farther from the center or medial lines
Spasm
Sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles
Tonic spasm
a continuing, involuntary muscle contraction
Clonic spasm
involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions
Types of muscle strains
Grade 1:An overstreched of a few of the muscle fibers with minimal tears
Grade 2: A 10-50% tear partial tear of muscle fibers
Grade 3: A 50-100% sevear tear of muscle fibers
