Chapter 5 & 6 - Skeletal and Muscular System

Question 1

a structure composed of two or more tissues that work together

Answer 1

organ

Question 2

The skeletal system’s functions:

Answer 2

Support 
Movement 
Protection 
Storage – minerals and fast
Blood cell production

Question 3

There are two types of bones:

Answer 3

Compact - dense

Spongy - latticework

Question 4

Sponge bone contains what?

Answer 4

red marrow

Question 5

Long bones cavities contain what?

Answer 5

yellow marrow

Question 6

Blood vessels, nerves associated with bone growth and repair

Answer 6

periosteum

Question 7

Bone is made of repeating units called _______, which consists of a ‘bone’ cell called an osteocyte

Answer 7

osteons

Question 8

Some osteoblasts form a ________ around themselves and become osteocytes

Answer 8

matrix

Question 9

What causes bone to start off as cartilage during development then becomes bone overtime?

Answer 9

osteoblasts

Question 10

Life-long process of deposition and breakdown

Answer 10

Bone remodeling

Question 11

Bone remodeling functions to:

Answer 11

Renew bones, regulates blood calcium and several other minerals

Question 12

cells that breakdown bone

▪ Releasing calcium, other minerals

Answer 12

Osteoclasts

Question 13

secrete new bone matrix

▪ Removes calcium, other minerals

Answer 13

Osteoblasts

Question 14

Weak, brittle bones
Bone remodeling problem
Estrogen aids in remodeling process
Calcium is needed

Answer 14

Osteoporosis

Question 15

Vitamin D is needed to do what?

Answer 15

calcium absorption

Question 16

from blood vessel in bone and periosteum - clotting

Answer 16

bleeding

Question 17

connective tissue cells grown inward from periosteum

▪ formation of callus (mass)

Answer 17

fibroblasts

Question 18

What is the process of a bone breaking?

Answer 18

Bleeding occurs, fibroblasts form a callus, then these cells transform and begin secretion of cartilage, then osteoblasts enter callus and begin transformation of cartilage to bone

Question 19

T/F

The skull is one bone

Answer 19

False, there are several cranial bones

Question 20

How many bones are in the face?

Answer 20

14

Question 21

How many ribs do humans have?

Answer 21

12 pairs - 24 total

Question 22

How many bones are in the vertebrae?

Answer 22

26

Question 23

what does the vertebrae protect?

Answer 23

spinal cord, and supports upper body and associated muscles

Question 24

Bendable places where bones meet

Answer 24

joints

Question 25

immovable, immobile

Answer 25

fibrous joints

Question 26

immovable to slightly movable

Answer 26

cartilaginous joints

Question 27

freely moveable. The knee

Answer 27

synovial joints

Question 28

How many other freely movable joints do humans have?

Answer 28

More than 30

Question 29

``` Damage to joints: stretching ligaments (connects bone to bone) ```

Answer 29

sprain

Question 30

Joint inflammation, degeneration of cartilage

Answer 30

arthritis

Question 31

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 31

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Question 32

return to original length/form

Answer 32

elastic

Question 33

Antagonistic pairs, give examples

Answer 33

an antagonist’ opposes a motion – the bicep and forearm

Question 34

The structure of muscles are _______ of muscle fibers

Answer 34

bundles

Question 35

Sarcomeres are made up of protein myofilaments:

Answer 35

Actin and Myosin

Question 36

Thousands of sarcomeres sliding

Answer 36

contraction

Question 37

What is used to 'set' muscles?

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

Nerves and muscle cells it controls (stimulates to contract)

Answer 38

motor unit

Question 39

A motor neuron may affect only a few muscle cells or _______

Answer 39

thousands

Question 40

In skeletal muscle contraction, signals come from the _______

Answer 40

nerve

Question 41

What mineral is needed for muscle contraction?

Answer 41

calcium

Question 42

What are the muscle cell types?

Answer 42

Slow-twitch and fast-twitch

Question 43

List characteristic of Slow-twitch muscle cells

Answer 43

Contract slowly Richly supplied with oxygen - aerobic Abundant mtDNA Deliver prolonged, strong contractions

Question 44

List characteristic of Fast-twitch muscle cells

Answer 44

Contract rapidly Powerful, packed with more actin and myosin Less endurance - anaerobic

Question 45

Lower levels of ATP production for long periods

Answer 45

Aerobic respiration