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BIOL 100 > Chapter 5 & 6 - Skeletal and Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 & 6 - Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

a structure composed of two or more tissues that work together

A

organ

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2
Q

The skeletal system’s functions:

A 
Support 
Movement 
Protection 
Storage – minerals and fast
Blood cell production
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3
Q

There are two types of bones:

A

Compact - dense

Spongy - latticework

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4
Q

Sponge bone contains what?

A

red marrow

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5
Q

Long bones cavities contain what?

A

yellow marrow

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6
Q

Blood vessels, nerves associated with bone growth and repair

A

periosteum

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7
Q

Bone is made of repeating units called _______, which consists of a ‘bone’ cell called an osteocyte

A

osteons

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8
Q

Some osteoblasts form a ________ around themselves and become osteocytes

A

matrix

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9
Q

What causes bone to start off as cartilage during development then becomes bone overtime?

A

osteoblasts

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10
Q

Life-long process of deposition and breakdown

A

Bone remodeling

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11
Q

Bone remodeling functions to:

A

Renew bones, regulates blood calcium and several other minerals

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12
Q

cells that breakdown bone

▪ Releasing calcium, other minerals

A

Osteoclasts

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13
Q

secrete new bone matrix

▪ Removes calcium, other minerals

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

Weak, brittle bones
Bone remodeling problem
Estrogen aids in remodeling process
Calcium is needed

A

Osteoporosis

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15
Q

Vitamin D is needed to do what?

A

calcium absorption

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16
Q

from blood vessel in bone and periosteum - clotting

A

bleeding

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17
Q

connective tissue cells grown inward from periosteum

▪ formation of callus (mass)

A

fibroblasts

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18
Q

What is the process of a bone breaking?

A

Bleeding occurs, fibroblasts form a callus, then these cells transform and begin secretion of cartilage, then osteoblasts enter callus and begin transformation of cartilage to bone

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19
Q

T/F

The skull is one bone

A

False, there are several cranial bones

20
Q

How many bones are in the face?

A

14

21
Q

How many ribs do humans have?

A

12 pairs - 24 total

22
Q

How many bones are in the vertebrae?

A

26

23
Q

what does the vertebrae protect?

A

spinal cord, and supports upper body and associated muscles

24
Q

Bendable places where bones meet

A

joints

25
Q

immovable, immobile

A

fibrous joints

26
Q

immovable to slightly movable

A

cartilaginous joints

27
Q

freely moveable. The knee

A

synovial joints

28
Q

How many other freely movable joints do humans have?

A

More than 30

29
Q 
Damage to joints:
stretching ligaments (connects bone to bone)
A

sprain

30
Q

Joint inflammation, degeneration of cartilage

A

arthritis

31
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

32
Q

return to original length/form

A

elastic

33
Q

Antagonistic pairs, give examples

A

an antagonist’ opposes a motion – the bicep and forearm

34
Q

The structure of muscles are _______ of muscle fibers

A

bundles

35
Q

Sarcomeres are made up of protein myofilaments:

A

Actin and Myosin

36
Q

Thousands of sarcomeres sliding

A

contraction

37
Q

What is used to ‘set’ muscles?

A

ATP

38
Q

Nerves and muscle cells it controls (stimulates to contract)

A

motor unit

39
Q

A motor neuron may affect only a few muscle cells or _______

A

thousands

40
Q

In skeletal muscle contraction, signals come from the _______

A

nerve

41
Q

What mineral is needed for muscle contraction?

A

calcium

42
Q

What are the muscle cell types?

A

Slow-twitch and fast-twitch

43
Q

List characteristic of Slow-twitch muscle cells

A

Contract slowly
Richly supplied with oxygen - aerobic
Abundant mtDNA
Deliver prolonged, strong contractions

44
Q

List characteristic of Fast-twitch muscle cells

A

Contract rapidly
Powerful, packed with more actin and myosin
Less endurance - anaerobic

45
Q

Lower levels of ATP production for long periods

A

Aerobic respiration

BIOL 100 (18 decks)

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