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BIOL 100 > Chapter 3 - Cells, Organelles, and Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells, Organelles, and Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

the smallest unit of life

A

cells

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2
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

o DNA dispersed in cell
o Very small
o Always single-celled
o Few organelles

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3
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

o DNA in nucleus
o ~ 100 x Larger
o Often multicellular
o Many types of organelles

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4
Q

characteristics of a “typical” eukaryotic animal cell:

A

filled with fluids
immersed in a watery fluid
surrounded and linked to other cells

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5
Q

Animal Cells

everything going in and out of a cell must pass through the ___________

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

what is the size of a cell?

A

small in size because of surface to volume ratio (surface / volume)
6:1

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7
Q

major component made up of phopholipids

A

phospholipids bilayer

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8
Q

selectively permeable membrane encompassing cells

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Regulation of things going in and out of cell – ‘selectively permeable’
  • Cell recognition
  • Cell-cell communication
  • Cell-cell adhesion
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10
Q

movement of solute from high to low concentrations

A

simple diffusion

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11
Q

movement of water from high to low concentration

A

osmosis

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12
Q

movement from high to low concentration using carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

movement from low to high concentration. Requires pumps to use energy to move solute against the gradient

A

active transport

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14
Q

Bulk Transport:

movement of large molecules or large amounts of small molecules

A

endocytosis - Capturing bacteria in a vesicle, Phagocytosis = cell eating

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15
Q

Bulk Transport:

movement of large amounts of material out of cell – using a membrane bound ‘vesicles’

A

exocytosis - Grabbing on small things and bringing it in, Pinocytosis = cell drinking

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16
Q

Define organelles

A

structures inside of cells

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17
Q

List some organelles of interest:

A 
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
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18
Q

contains most genetic information in cells, bound by nuclear envelope, produces RNA

A

nucleus

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19
Q

network of conduits connected to the nuclear envelop and studded with ribosomes
o Amino acids chains are assembled in ribosomes, then processed into proteins within the ER, and enclosed in vesicles for transfer

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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20
Q

receives proteins, conducts further processing, sorting and packaging, FedEx

A

Golgi Complex

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21
Q

enzyme-filled vesicles that conduct intercellular digestion, enzymatic breakdown of worn out organelles, foreign invaders…

A

Lysosomes

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22
Q

List characteristics of Mitochondria:

A

• Structure where energy is extracted/capture from the breakdown of energy-rich molecules for use in cells
o 1st law of thermodynamics: energy can neither be created or destroyed but can be transferred
• Contains its own genetic information and ribosome
• Double membrane bound structure
• Contains its own genetic information and ribosomes

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23
Q

All of the structures in cytoskeleton are made predominately of _______

A

proteins

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24
Q

List how cells get energy from food

A

• Digest (breakdown) macromolecules from food into simpler components
▪ Example: complex carbohydrate
• Absorb simpler molecules into blood stream which carries them to cells where they may be further processed…
• Cells extract energy stored in the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules, like simple sugars – Cellular Respiration

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25
Q

Ultimately, the energy used by the vast majority of organisms comes from the sun. Solar radiation.
What are these processes called?

A

photosynthesis

cellular respiration

26
Q

process which plants (and some microorganisms) use to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel cellular activities

A

photosynthesis

27
Q

process by which cells derive energy from the breakdown of energy-rich molecules, like glucose

A

cellular respiration

28
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Formula is exact opposite of photosynthesis.

29
Q

List the three types of energy

A

Potential
Kinetic
Chemical

30
Q

stored energy

A

potential

31
Q

energy in motion

A

kinetic

32
Q

energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

A

chemical

33
Q
  • Making ATP (from ADP and a P-group) takes energy

* Braking a P-group from ATP releases energy

A

Model of ATP function

34
Q

cells acquire energy from the breakdown of energy-rich molecules, like glucose, to make ATP. ATP is used by cells to run the vast majority of biochemical machines that make life possible.

A

cellular respiration

35
Q

formula of cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> (release of) Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

36
Q

Glycolysis does not require _________

A

oxygen

37
Q

Which parts of cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen?

A

Transition reaction

Electron Transport Chain

38
Q

Negative electrically charged subatomic particle

A

electron

39
Q

Electrons carry ________

A

energy

40
Q

_________ can be transferred among atoms and molecules

A

electrons

41
Q

Electrons can transfer energy among atoms, molecules, and compounds

A

Very excited = high energy

Unexcited = low energy

42
Q

What happens within glycolysis?

A
  • Splitting requires 2 ATP to break glucose
  • But makes 4 ATP (net gain 2 ATP)
  • plus NADH (excited electrons) electron carrier molecule
  • Splits glucose into two ‘Pyruvates’ (small sugars)
  • Carbon dioxide lost as waste
43
Q

NADH transfers energy from early steps in cellular respiration and provides it to the Electron Transport Chain

A

Electron carrier (NADH)

44
Q

Electron carrier (NADH) • carries energy-rich electrons to ETC

A

▪ NAD+ accepts the electron from the hydrogen
▪ NAD then picks up another hydrogen becoming NADH
▪ NADH then, “drops off” its two excited electrons at the ETC

45
Q

Transition Reaction (per Pyruvate) occurs in Mitochondria and produces what?

A

NADH (excited electrons)

46
Q

What occurs in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

completes breakdown of glucose
• Produces per turn (each Acetyl CoA):
2 CO2
1 ATP
NADH and FADH2 (excited electrons)
• After two turns (one for each pyruvate), all carbon from original glucose has been removed as waste but removed excited electrons
• 8 reactions each with its own specific enzyme

47
Q

List the steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Transition Reaction
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
48
Q

High energy electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are used in protein ________ to push H+ ions up gradient (from low to high concentration).

A

pumps

49
Q

Electrons then flow down gradient through ATP Synthase to make ________

A

ATP

50
Q

Low energy electrons eventually given to oxygen to make _______

A

ATP

51
Q

An example of “intelligent design” ATP synthase must’ve been made by an intelligent being. This is an example of __________

A

pseudoscience

52
Q

_________ is required for cellular respiration. Without it, there is nothing to accept the low energy electrons at end of ETC.

A

oxygen
• Without oxygen, there is no final electron receptor
• Electron shuttles cannot release their electrons
• Thus blocking ETC and CAC
• But energy can be “captured” when energy is lacking

53
Q

Anaerobic respiration - breakdown of glucose without oxygen
• Glycolysis is modified
• Pyruvate (or a pyruvate derivative) accept the high energy electrons and produce lactic acid
• Net gain of 2 ATP

A

Fermentation

54
Q
  • Occurs in our muscles during strenuous exercises
  • Oxygen in muscle cells runs low and cannot be replaced quickly enough
  • Cells allow lactic acid fermentation to ensure continued production of some ATP
  • Lactic acid builds up in muscles, then overtime need to be taken out and reprocessed
A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

55
Q

Where did glucose come from?

A

photosynthesis

56
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation associated with?

A

glycolysis, allows for some ATP to be produced even when oxygen is limited. Seen in muscle cells

57
Q

Where is the most ATP made in the process of cellular respiration?

A

Electron Transport

58
Q

Why doesn’t the citric acid cycle have an arrow to electron transport?

A

nothing goes that direction except excited electrons. All the carbon in the glucose molecule is used up and left as a waste product

59
Q

Why is oxygen important in Cellular Respiration?

A

Uses oxygen to release energy to make ATP, which results in the waste products carbon dioxide and water

60
Q

What require the process glycolysis to start?

A

Glycolysis requires 2 ATP to break down glucose

61
Q

What is the waste product of cellular respiration?

A

water

BIOL 100 (18 decks)

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