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BIOL 100 > Chapter 21 - Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

copy of a segment of DNA that determines a gene that is then sent to the cytoplasm to then make a protein

A

RNA

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2
Q

what building block molecules are used to make proteins?

A

amino acids

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3
Q

Describe the DNA structure

A

“double helix”

long double stranded polymer

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4
Q

What does polymer mean?

A

that it’s made of building block molecule

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5
Q

before cells divide, what happens to DNA?

A

DNA condenses into butterfly shapes

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6
Q

What is the first step to gene expression?

A

Transcription

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7
Q

What is transcription?

A

converting information in DNA into RNA

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8
Q

sequence of bases that indicates where transcription should start

A

promoter

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9
Q

When does transcription stop?

A

when the enzyme reaches a termination (stop) sequence

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10
Q

what does mRNA stand for?

A

messenger RNA

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11
Q

‘coding’ segments that provide instructions for proteins

A

exon

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12
Q

noncoding segments

A

intron

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13
Q

20,000-25,000 genes produce > _________ proteins

A

100,000

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14
Q

Primary transcript can be edited in different ways to yield multiple mRNAs. This is called:

A

alternative splicing

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15
Q

converting the coded information in RNA into a protein

A

translation

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16
Q

translation is the switching of what?

A

“languages” from nucleotides to amino acids

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17
Q

carries DNA instructions for proteins out of the nucleus

A

mRNA

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18
Q

combines with proteins to form ribosomes

A

rRNA

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the sites of protein synthesis, made of RNA subunits

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20
Q

binds to an amino acid, then ferries the amino acid to sides on mRNA (“reading” the three base code)

A

tRNA

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21
Q

what is the removal of water called?

A

dehydration synthesis

22
Q

DNA is a stable molecule, and the process of replication is highly precise, but ______ sometimes occur

A

errors

23
Q

DNA replication is also known as what?

A

DNA synthesis

24
Q

Change in DNA sequence caused by faulty replication

A

gene mutation

25
Q

In cells destined to become gametes (sex cells), the mutation can be passed to _______

A

offspring

26
Q

In point mutations, repair enzymes can recognize problems, cut the base out, stick in the correct base, and continue with transcription

A

true

27
Q

additions of one or more bases

A

insertions

28
Q

loss of one or more bases

A

deletions

29
Q

flipping of sequence

A

inversions

30
Q

copy a length of sequence or complete gene

A

duplications

31
Q

change does not affect resulting amino acid sequence

A

silent mutation

32
Q

there is a change in amino acid sequence, but it does not affect protein function

A

harmless mutation

33
Q

new protein structure does not work as well

A

altered protein function

34
Q

example of destruction of protein function

A

point mutation produces ‘stop codon’ in the wrong place

mutation causes improper folding which stops protein from functioning

35
Q

what helps us see color?

A

opsin genes produce proteins to help us see color

36
Q

Lots of primates lack a 3rd opsin gene but we have a 3rd opsin gene. How?

A

Within our DNA, an old opsin gene was duplicated and over many generations, one of these copies acquired small mutations that allowed it to detect different wavelengths of light. Human color vision is due to duplication from a long time ago

37
Q

describe a gene

A

sequence of nucleotides on a segment of DNA that determines a particular protein

38
Q

Genes come in pairs. One from each of these:

A

One from maternal and one from paternal source. We get 2 copies

39
Q

What can occur when there is a point mutation when making sister chromatids?

A

A wrong letter can cause a mutation, however, repair enzymes can recognize problems, correct it, and continue with transcription

40
Q

DNA polmerases making copies of two strands, resulting in a copy of sister chromatid. Each new copy is half of the old copy.

A

DNA replication/synthesis

41
Q

A machine that reads DNA strands making a complementary version then another reads it backwards

A

DNA polymerase

42
Q

What are ribosomes made out of?

A

rRNA

43
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acid

44
Q

Sequences of DNA that do not translate to proteins

A

introns

45
Q

Difference between introns and exons

A

Segments that remain are exons, they exit the nucleus. Introns insert DNA

46
Q

when you make a copy of your DNA to be exported out of the nucleus

A

alternative splicing

47
Q

In alternative splicing, a single segment of DNA can make a slightly different _______, which can make slightly different _______

A

RNA; proteins

48
Q

Process occuring in DNA -> RNA

A

transcription

49
Q

Process occuring in RNA -> Protein

A

Translation

50
Q

What is the tail of mRNA that complements the sequence?

A

anticodon

51
Q

RNA polymerase is a machine that makes a copy of one strand of DNA. The copy is called _______

A

RNA

52
Q

________ produced the protein and suddenly the monkey was able to see color.

A

mRNA

BIOL 100 (18 decks)

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