Chapter 21 - Gene Expression

Question 1

copy of a segment of DNA that determines a gene that is then sent to the cytoplasm to then make a protein

Answer 1

RNA

Question 2

what building block molecules are used to make proteins?

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

Describe the DNA structure

Answer 3

“double helix”

long double stranded polymer

Question 4

What does polymer mean?

Answer 4

that it’s made of building block molecule

Question 5

before cells divide, what happens to DNA?

Answer 5

DNA condenses into butterfly shapes

Question 6

What is the first step to gene expression?

Answer 6

Transcription

Question 7

What is transcription?

Answer 7

converting information in DNA into RNA

Question 8

sequence of bases that indicates where transcription should start

Answer 8

promoter

Question 9

When does transcription stop?

Answer 9

when the enzyme reaches a termination (stop) sequence

Question 10

what does mRNA stand for?

Answer 10

messenger RNA

Question 11

‘coding’ segments that provide instructions for proteins

Answer 11

exon

Question 12

noncoding segments

Answer 12

intron

Question 13

20,000-25,000 genes produce > _________ proteins

Answer 13

100,000

Question 14

Primary transcript can be edited in different ways to yield multiple mRNAs. This is called:

Answer 14

alternative splicing

Question 15

converting the coded information in RNA into a protein

Answer 15

translation

Question 16

translation is the switching of what?

Answer 16

“languages” from nucleotides to amino acids

Question 17

carries DNA instructions for proteins out of the nucleus

Answer 17

mRNA

Question 18

combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Answer 18

rRNA

Question 19

What are ribosomes?

Answer 19

the sites of protein synthesis, made of RNA subunits

Question 20

binds to an amino acid, then ferries the amino acid to sides on mRNA (“reading” the three base code)

Answer 20

tRNA

Question 21

what is the removal of water called?

Answer 21

dehydration synthesis

Question 22

DNA is a stable molecule, and the process of replication is highly precise, but ______ sometimes occur

Answer 22

errors

Question 23

DNA replication is also known as what?

Answer 23

DNA synthesis

Question 24

Change in DNA sequence caused by faulty replication

Answer 24

gene mutation

Question 25

In cells destined to become gametes (sex cells), the mutation can be passed to _______

Answer 25

offspring

Question 26

In point mutations, repair enzymes can recognize problems, cut the base out, stick in the correct base, and continue with transcription

Answer 26

true

Question 27

additions of one or more bases

Answer 27

insertions

Question 28

loss of one or more bases

Answer 28

deletions

Question 29

flipping of sequence

Answer 29

inversions

Question 30

copy a length of sequence or complete gene

Answer 30

duplications

Question 31

change does not affect resulting amino acid sequence

Answer 31

silent mutation

Question 32

there is a change in amino acid sequence, but it does not affect protein function

Answer 32

harmless mutation

Question 33

new protein structure does not work as well

Answer 33

altered protein function

Question 34

example of destruction of protein function

Answer 34

point mutation produces 'stop codon' in the wrong place mutation causes improper folding which stops protein from functioning

Question 35

what helps us see color?

Answer 35

opsin genes produce proteins to help us see color

Question 36

Lots of primates lack a 3rd opsin gene but we have a 3rd opsin gene. How?

Answer 36

Within our DNA, an old opsin gene was duplicated and over many generations, one of these copies acquired small mutations that allowed it to detect different wavelengths of light. Human color vision is due to duplication from a long time ago

Question 37

describe a gene

Answer 37

sequence of nucleotides on a segment of DNA that determines a particular protein

Question 38

Genes come in pairs. One from each of these:

Answer 38

One from maternal and one from paternal source. We get 2 copies

Question 39

What can occur when there is a point mutation when making sister chromatids?

Answer 39

A wrong letter can cause a mutation, however, repair enzymes can recognize problems, correct it, and continue with transcription

Question 40

DNA polmerases making copies of two strands, resulting in a copy of sister chromatid. Each new copy is half of the old copy.

Answer 40

DNA replication/synthesis

Question 41

A machine that reads DNA strands making a complementary version then another reads it backwards

Answer 41

DNA polymerase

Question 42

What are ribosomes made out of?

Answer 42

rRNA

Question 43

building blocks of protein

Answer 43

amino acid

Question 44

Sequences of DNA that do not translate to proteins

Answer 44

introns

Question 45

Difference between introns and exons

Answer 45

Segments that remain are exons, they exit the nucleus. Introns insert DNA

Question 46

when you make a copy of your DNA to be exported out of the nucleus

Answer 46

alternative splicing

Question 47

In alternative splicing, a single segment of DNA can make a slightly different _______, which can make slightly different _______

Answer 47

RNA; proteins

Question 48

Process occuring in DNA -> RNA

Answer 48

transcription

Question 49

Process occuring in RNA -> Protein

Answer 49

Translation

Question 50

What is the tail of mRNA that complements the sequence?

Answer 50

anticodon

Question 51

RNA polymerase is a machine that makes a copy of one strand of DNA. The copy is called _______

Answer 51

RNA

Question 52

________ produced the protein and suddenly the monkey was able to see color.

Answer 52

mRNA