Chapter 19 - DNA, Meiosis, Inheritance

Question 1

the building blocks within DNA

Answer 1

nucleotide

Question 2

example of a nucleotide

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

long polymer/molecule made up of a sequence of nucleotides

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

specific segment of DNA that determines a particular protein

Answer 4

gene

Question 5

List the nucleotide bases for proteins for DNA:

Answer 5

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

Question 6

List the nucleotide bases for proteins for RNA:

Answer 6

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

Question 7

What happens in the “transcription” process?

Answer 7

DNA is transcribing to RNA. The RNA is a singl stranded “copy”.

Question 8

RNA carries information out of nucleus to a ribosome, where it is translated to make a ________

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

What is the 3 base code when translating?

Answer 9

For every three nucleotides determines a particular amino acid. Language is called codons

Question 10

Long sequences of amino acid chains form ______

Answer 10

proteins

Question 11

When a DNA is essentially loose, not condensed down.

Answer 11

chromatin

Question 12

During DNA synthesis, chromatin is replicated producing what?

Answer 12

sister chromatids

Question 13

Sister chromatids are joined by a _________

Answer 13

centromere

Question 14

Attachment point for spindle fibers that pull chromatids apart during cell division

Answer 14

centromere

Question 15

Individual strands of DNA

Answer 15

chromosomes

Question 16

How many chromosomes are in a human cell? How many pairs?

Answer 16

46; 23

Question 17

Why do cells divide?

Answer 17

1. Development and growth
2. Replacement and repair
3. Sex

Question 18

single cell formed by union of sperm and egg

Answer 18

zygote

Question 19

cell division that results in identical (daughter) cells

Answer 19

mitosis

Question 20

Two main phases of the cell cycle:

Answer 20

1. Interphase

2. M-phase

Question 21

when the cell pinches off and turns into 2 new daughter cells

Answer 21

cytokinesis

Question 22

List the phases of Mitosis:

Answer 22

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 23

What is the product of mitosis?

Answer 23

two genetically identical daughter cells

Question 24

a pair of chromosomes that carry the same genes, but potential different versions (alleles)

Answer 24

homologous pairs

Question 25

identical, attached copy of a chromosome

Answer 25

sister chromatids

Question 26

different versions (forms) of a specific gene

Answer 26

alleles | One copy from maternal and one copy from paternal source

Question 27

What can different alleles produce?

Answer 27

May produce the same resulting protein or different forms of a protein and different physical characteristics

Question 28

Cells that have half the number of chromosomes

Answer 28

haploid

Question 29

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 29

Sex and to produce genetically different cells - male or female gametes

Question 30

If two sematic (non-sex) cells came together to form a new individual, how many chromosomes would that zygote have?

Answer 30

92

Question 31

meiosis selectively reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes by half

Answer 31

selective reduction

Question 32

to increase genetic diversity in offspring

Answer 32

genetic recombination

Question 33

Meiosis is a lot like Mitosis, but what's the difference?

Answer 33

Meiosis has two cell divisions

Question 34

Exchange of genetic information between non-sister chromatids

Answer 34

crossing-over

Question 35

when does crossing over occur?

Answer 35

when homologous chromosomes pair with one another

Question 36

nondisjunction

Answer 36

Not come together, do not come apart

Question 37

Imbalance in chromosome number causes abnormalities in development

Answer 37

most result in miscarriage

Question 38

What causes down syndrome?

Answer 38

an extra chromosome 21

Question 39

List characteristics of down syndrome:

Answer 39

• Limits in mental development • Abnormal skeletal growth – short stature and body parts • Unique facial features – flatten nose, protruding tongue that forces mouth open to cause speech impediment, folded skin at corner of eyes • Heart and digestive defects are common • Risk of down syndrome increases with mother’s age rapidly after age 35 o By age 45 the mother is 45X more likely than at age 20

Question 40

Human chromosomes have how many genes?

Answer 40

~20,000-25,000

Question 41

Segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Answer 41

gene

Question 42

Human chromosomes have roughly 25,000 genes, how many proteins do they produce?

Answer 42

~100,000 proteins

Question 43

Where does mitosis occure?

Answer 43

Somatic cells/body cells (everywhere else)

Question 44

Where does Meiosis occur?

Answer 44

Only in ovaries and testes during the formation of gametes

Question 45

What is the product of Mitosis?

Answer 45

2 diploid cells

Question 46

What is the product of Meiosis?

Answer 46

4 haploid cells

Question 47

What results from Mitosis?

Answer 47

growth and repair

Question 48

What results from Meiosis?

Answer 48

gamete (egg and sperm) production

Question 49

Mitosis involves no exchange of what?

Answer 49

genetic material

Question 50

What is exchanged in Meiosis?

Answer 50

parts of chromosomes are exchanged in crossing over

Question 51

The daughter cells from Mitosis are _______ _______

Answer 51

genetically identical

Question 52

Daughter cells in Meiosis are:

Answer 52

not genetically identical

Question 53

the process of allowing too many or not enough chromosomes

Answer 53

nondisjunction

Question 54

Example of an allele

Answer 54

Hair color is determined by multiple genes

Question 55

Why are nucleotides called bases?

Answer 55

they are nitrogen containing bases

Question 56

What are made out of nucleotides?

Answer 56

DNA and nucleic acids

Question 57

List the nucleic acids

Answer 57

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA