Chapter 15 - Nutrition

Question 1

What are lipids?

Answer 1

fats, oils, and waxes

Question 2

What are proteins made of, and what is the major reason why we eat proteins?

Answer 2

Amino acids. We eat them to acquire amino acids to make our own protein

Question 3

What are carbohydrates and what do we get out of them?

Answer 3

We get sugar from them. Sugar in cellular respiration as an energy source

Question 4

List some nutrients:

Answer 4

Energy sources
Building blocks
Vitamins
Minerals

Question 5

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 5

must be acquired directly from food such as amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins

Question 6

What are nonessential nutrients?

Answer 6

can be synthesized in the body

Question 7

Long hydrocarbon chains (C with lots of H)

Answer 7

lipids

Question 8

Lipids are nonpolar which means?

Answer 8

insoluble in water

Question 9

Lipids are saturated fats, what does that mean?

Answer 9

Saturated with hydrogen

Question 10

Describe unsaturated fats

Answer 10

unsaturated with hydrogens and has a slight kink in its shape due to the positive charges of hydrogen working against each other

Question 11

What are the functions of fats?

Answer 11

Storage of energy
Structural components
Insulation
Protection
Absorption

Question 12

What is a high fat diet associated with?:

Answer 12

Obesity
Cancers
Atherosclerosis

Question 13

What is cholesterol

Answer 13

It binds with proteins and triglycerides to be carried around body (lipoproteins)

Question 14

Carry cholesterol to cells and also potentially deposits them along artery walls

Answer 14

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Question 15

Carry cholesterol away from cells and potentially from artery walls

Answer 15

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 16

Which fats are not good to eat and why?

Answer 16

Saturated and trans fats raise LDL. Trans fats also lower HDL

Question 17

Which fats are good to eat and lower LDL?

Answer 17

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats because they are rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

Question 18

What are the sources of Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 18

Nuts, olives, some vegetable oils, certain oily fish (herring, tuna, salmon, sardines)

Question 19

Carbohydrates include what?

Answer 19

Sugar, starch, and fiber

Question 20

Where do we find most of our carbohydrates?

Answer 20

predominately from plants

Question 21

What are simple carbohydates? Give examples

Answer 21

Sugar; monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 22

Where do we get most of our sugar from?

Answer 22

vegetables, fruit, and milk

Question 23

Starches are ________ and fiber is ________

Answer 23

digested; indigestible

Question 24

What is quickly converted to “blood sugar”

Answer 24

refined sugars

Question 25

How quick a food is converted to sugar in blood

Answer 25

glycemic response

Question 26

Highly processed bread & cereals, potatoes, white rice

Answer 26

high glycemic load

Question 27

whole fruit & vegetables, whole grains

Answer 27

low glycemic load

Question 28

Proteins that contain all essential amino acids

Answer 28

complete proteins | source: get them from animals

Question 29

Proteins that do not contain all essential amino acids

Answer 29

incomplete proteins | source: peas, beans, lentils

Question 30

Small carbon-containing compounds

Answer 30

vitamins

Question 31

Why do we only need 13 types of vitamins in minute amounts?

Answer 31

we recycle them in our body

Question 32

What vitamin does our body not recycle?

Answer 32

vitatmin D, we must acquire vitamins from food, sometimes with the help of bacteria

Question 33

There are two general type of vitamins:

Answer 33

``` Water soluble (n=9) Fat soluble ```

Question 34

What are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 34

C and B vitamins

Question 35

What are fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 35

A, D, E, & K

Question 36

inorganic substances

Answer 36

minerals

Question 37

What are the minerals that we need?:

Answer 37

``` Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Chloride Sodium Sulfur ```