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BIOL 100 > Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

At the cellular level, ________ merges with life.

Life is ________.

A

chemistry

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2
Q

physical substance that takes up space and has mass

A

matter

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3
Q

What are the basic states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

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4
Q

How do the states of matter differ?

A

how much space the matter takes up, its volume or density

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5
Q

pure form of matter containing only one kind of atom

A

element

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6
Q

smallest particle of an element

A

atom

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7
Q

Earth is made up of < ____ elements, plus some others

A

100

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8
Q

What subatomic particles has a positive charge, has mass, and used to determine identity of a particular atom?

A

protons

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9
Q

What subatomic particles has a negative charge, has mass, and the number can change?

A

neutrons

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10
Q

Protons and neutrons make up the _______ of an atom

A

nucleus

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11
Q

What subatomic particles has a negative charge, mass is negligible, and the number can change?

A

electrons

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12
Q

What are extremely small, mostly “empty” space?

A

atoms, nucleus contains the mass

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13
Q

List the elemental composition within humans.

mnemonic.

A 
CHNOPS:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
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14
Q

How many elements in the periodic table are important to life?

A

25

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15
Q

What does the atomic number mean in the periodic table?

A

number of protons

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16
Q

What does the atomic mass mean in the periodic table?

A

number of protons AND neutrons

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17
Q

atoms of a particular element all have same number of protons, but they can differ in the number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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18
Q

different forms of an atom are called ________

A

isotopes

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19
Q

what is an example of an isotope?

A

carbon, carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years.

carbon dating

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20
Q

How many electrons are in an atom?

A

same number as protons in general

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21
Q

where are electrons located?

A

they orbit around the nucleus - “shells”

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22
Q

how many electrons can the inner shell hold?

A

2 electrons

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23
Q

how many electrons can the outer shell hold?

A

up to 8 each

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24
Q

name for electrons in the outermost shell

A

valence electron

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25
Q

chemical formula for water

A

H2O

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26
Q

chemical formula for oxygen gas

A

O2

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27
Q

chemical formula for glucose

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

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28
Q

Draw nitrogen (Atomic number = 7)

A

7 protons, 7 neutrons

7 electrons. 2 in inner shell and 5 outer (valence) shell

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29
Q

_______ between atoms are a form of chemical energy

A

Bonds

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30
Q

Why do atoms form bonds?

A

doing so moves them to a more stable energy state

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31
Q

How do atoms become more stable?

A

atoms have a propensity to attain complete shells

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of bonds?

A

covalent
ionic
hydrogen

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33
Q

sharing of electrons between atoms

A

covalent bonds

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34
Q

Example of covalent bond:

A

O2 or H2O

an atom of Oxygen is almost always bound to some other atom(s)

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35
Q

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

They may be the same element or different elements

A

molecule

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36
Q

a ________ contains different elements

A

compound

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37
Q

what is the Law of conservation of mass?

A

matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

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38
Q

transfer of electrons between atoms

A

ionic bonds

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39
Q

what is a charged atom called?

A

ion

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40
Q

_________ charged ions attract

A

Oppositely

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41
Q

Example of ionic bond

A

Sodium Chloride NaCl

Ionic Attraction

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42
Q

bonds between already covalently bonded hydrogen and an electronegative atom.

Polarity

A

hydrogen bonds

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43
Q

what is a polar molecule?

A

different areas of the molecule have slightly different charges

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44
Q

example of a polar molecule

A

water

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45
Q

List 1 polar and nonpolar compound

A

Water: polar
Methane: nonpolar - only sees positive all the way around

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46
Q

hydrogen bonding among water molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

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47
Q

what does hydrophilic mean?

A

“water loving”
hydro = water
philic = loving

48
Q

Examples of hydrophilic compounds - compounds that readily interact with water

A

sugar, salt,

sodium chloride dissolves in water

49
Q

Example of hydrophobic (“water hating”) compounds - compounds that form itself around water

A

oil, lipids

50
Q

List the bond strengths from strongest to weakest

A

Covalent - strongest
Ionic - strong
Hydrogen - weak

51
Q

List the unique properties of water

A

• Solvent – polarity allows water to interact with many substances
mediums for organisms
• Cohesive - because of many hydrogen bonds
• High heat capacity – lot of energy to force a temperature change
• High heat of evaporation - lot of heat to force a state change

52
Q

Water molecules can ________ to produce ions

A

dissassociate

53
Q

Acids and Bases

Acids yield:

A

H+ (hydrogen ions)

54
Q

Acids and Bases

Bases accept:

A

H+

55
Q

The amount of hydrogens in water determines its ________

A

acidity

56
Q

Example of an acid

A

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) - disassociates in water

57
Q

Example of a base

A

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - disassociates i nwater

58
Q

Hydroxide ions released react with hydrogen ions in solution to produce water, thus resulting in what?

A

decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions

59
Q

the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

A

pH
often referred to as ‘acidity’ of a solution
Scales from 0-14. 0 = most acidic, 14 = most basic.
Based on a log10 scale

60
Q

Which of these solutions has a higher concentration of H+ ions?
pH 0.0001
pH 10-5

A

ph 0.0001 because it equals to 10-4

61
Q

the change of 1 value is a difference of 10 fold

A

log scale

62
Q

substances that keep pH from changing

A

buffers

63
Q

most biological systems function within a narrow range of pH with the exceptions of which systems?

A

stomach and vagina - highy acidic

64
Q

Buffers yield or accept H+, keeping pH in a narrow range.

A

true

65
Q

Example of a buffer

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate system.

it maintains the pH of blood at 7.4 (near neutral)

66
Q

List the 4 biological molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

67
Q

framework of biological molecules “backbone element”

A

carbon

forms up to 4 covalent bonds

68
Q

sugars and starches used as energy sources

A

carbohydrates

69
Q

what are the 2 types of carbohydrates?

A

simple carbs

complex carbs

70
Q

What is a simple carbohydrate with one sugar and give an example

A

monosaccharides

ex: glucose or fructose

71
Q

What is a simple carbohydrate with two sugars and give an example

A

disaccharides

ex: lactose

72
Q

what is a complex carbohydrate with many sugars and give an example

A

polysaccharides

ex: starch

73
Q

what are complex carbohydrates

A

made of repeating units of simple sugars

74
Q

many macromolecules (like complex carbs) are made of repeating units generally called ________.

A

monomers

75
Q

what are monomers formed through?

A

dehydration synthesis - the removing of water

76
Q

creating macromolecules by breaking apart complex carbohydrates through ________

A

hydrolysis

77
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

hydro = water
lysis = splitting
“water splitting”

78
Q

molecules that facilitate biological functions

A

proteins

79
Q

list the different types of proteins and their function

A
  • Enzymes – Quicken chemical reactions
  • Transport – Move other molecules
  • Contractile – Muscles movement
  • Structural – Physical or mechanical support
  • Protective – defend against invaders and cancer
  • Communication – cell to cell signaling
80
Q

Proteins are ________.

Proteins are made up of _________ (repeating units)

A

polymers; monomers

= amino acids

81
Q

made of relatively small chains of these amino acids

A

peptides

82
Q

made of chains of peptides, thus longer chains of amino acids

A

proteins

83
Q

building blocks of peptides and proteins

A

amino acids

84
Q

how many types of amino acids are there and how do they vary?

A

20, vary in their ‘side chain’ (R)

85
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

only obtainable by humans from food

86
Q

what are non=essential amino acids?

A

synthesized in body

87
Q

List the protein structure

A
  • Primary – specific sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary – bending and coiling of the amino acid chain
  • Tertiary – three-dimensional folding, that produces the shape of proteins
  • Quaternary – some proteins have multiple polypeptide chains that interact
88
Q

proteins that speed up chemical reactions, important type of protein

A

enzymes

89
Q

________ are very specific, often only a single action

A

enzymes

90
Q

Examples of enzymes?

A

Lactose

Lactase - breaks down lactose and produces glucose and galactose

91
Q

What are lipids?

A

fats, oils, waxes.

insoluble in water - nonpolar

92
Q

what is the ratio of H in lipids?

A

high ratio to O, 2:1

93
Q

what are the major uses of lipids?

A

o Energy & energy storage
o Insulation
o Protection
o Cellular structure and function

94
Q

What is insulation?

A

a poor conductor of heat, maintains heat internally (walrus and homeostasis)

95
Q

What is a carboxl functional group

A

fatty acids

96
Q

what is “saturated with hydrogens”

A

saturated fatty acids - no double bonds between carbons

97
Q

double bonds between carbons change physical shape of the molecule, thus its behavior functions differently

A

unsaturated fatty acids

98
Q

most common fat consumed in food

A

triglycerides

99
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

‘Tri’ = three fatty acids, bound to glycerol (an alcohol)

100
Q

Describe a phospholipid:

A
  • Hydrophilic head – readily interact with water
  • Hydrophobic tails
  • Phospholipid bilayer
101
Q

fluid outside of the cell

A

extracellular fluids

102
Q

what are two functions nucleotides are important for?

A
  1. Energy transfer in cells

2. Store and transmission of genetic information

103
Q

breaking and forming of bonds in ATP = release and storage of energy

A

Cellular Energy Transfer

104
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP - ‘energy molecule of cells’

the gasoline of the cell

105
Q

adenosine diphosphate

A

ADP

106
Q

DNA made of nucleotides, what are its “bases”:

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

107
Q

Where we see Adenine, we see ________ on the other side (hydrogen bonds)

A

Thymine

108
Q

Where we see Guanine, we see ________, bounded by three hydrogen containing bonds.

A

Cytosine

109
Q

sequences of bases ________ sequence of amino acids in proteins

A

determines

110
Q

DNA/RNA nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic-acid long polymer made up of sequences of nucleotides

111
Q

Pasteur refuted that people believed spontaneous generation of life is from the coming together of chemicals, but he found..

A

theres microscopic organisms in the air and tested with a glass trapping them.

112
Q

CHNOPS is true, but there are 25 elements used by life. List some others.

A 
Magnesium
Potassium
Manganese
Iron
Fluorine
Sodium
Chlorine
Calcium
Chromium
Iron
Copper
Zinc
113
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated fats don’t contain double bonded carbons, they are saturated with hydrogens

114
Q

Difference between nucleotides and amino acids?

A

Nucleotides are a small molecule important for:

  1. energy transfer in cells and
  2. store and transmission of genetic information

Amino acids are monomers (repeating units) that make up proteins

115
Q

proteins are made up of monomers (repeating units) called:

A

amino acids

BIOL 100 (18 decks)

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